APUSH Period 1 (1491-1607)

“New World”

What the Europeans refer to the Americas as

Maize

Formed the basis of agriculture, along with squash and beans

Great League of Peace

An alliance of the Haudenosaunee nations, orginially formed at least 400 years ago. Each year the Haudenosaunee Great Council, with male representatives chosen by the women of five(and later six) nations, met to coordinate dealings with outsiders

Haudenosaunee

Means people of the the longhouse. Their enemies called them Iroquois( “snakes”)

Caravel

A 15th century European ship capable of long distance travel

Cahokia

The largest city noth of Mexico, across the Mississippi River

Christopher Columbus

Expedition leader, mariner from Genoa(Italy), studied ocean patterns

Conquistadores

Spanish and Portuguese soliders who conquered lands held by Indigenous people

Tenochtitlán

Capital of Aztec Empire

Aztec

Mesoamerican empire ruled by Mexica people

Columbian exchange

The transatlantic flow of people and goods (1492-1650)

Council of the Indies

It was used to rule the Spanish empire, the main body for colonial administration

Creoles

People born in america of european descent

Penisulares

People born in Europe(of European birth)

Haciendas

Large-scale farms in the Spanish empire worked by Native American laborers

Atlantic slave trade

Fueled by the Spanish demand for enslaved labor —> from early 1500s

Mestizos

People of mixed origin

Bartolomé de Las Casas

A Catholic missionary who renounced the Spanish practice of coercively converting Indians and advocated their bettertreatmentR

Repartimiento System

Native towns were required to provide a fixed amount of labor each year to Spanish mines or farms

St. Augustine, Florida

The only city that survived from being destroyed by Native people??

Santa Fe, New Mexico

Where some Indians were brought to be whipped

Pueblo Revolt

Victory over the Spanish uprising in 1680 by allies. Pueblo led by Popé, drove Spanish out of NM temporarily

Black Legend

Idea that the Spanish empire was more oppressive towards Indians than any other European empire, image of Spain as a brutal and exploitative colonizer

Examples of Columbian Exchange from America

Potatoes, Corn and TobaccoE

Examples of Columbian Exchange from Europe

Horses, Small Pox and Sugar

Encomiendas

Lands with Native laborers controlled by conquistadors

Treaty of Tordesillas

Between Spain and Portugal, 1494

Caste System in New Spain: Las Castas(Top to bottom)

Peninsulares, Creoles, Mestizoa, Native American Indians, Enslaved People

Privateers

“Sea dogs”, a privately owned ship or sailor authorized by a government to attack and capture enemy vessels during wartime

what happened in 1607?

Jamestown Colony founded

what happened in1620?

Plymouth Colony founded

what happened in 1621?

The first thanksgiving

what happened in 1630?

Massachusetts Bay Colony founded

what happened from 1630-1640?

The Great Migration of Puritans to New England

what happened ifrom 1675 to 1676?

King philip’s war

william bradford

• Plymouth’s most popular governor

• Corduroy worker

• Wrote “They knew they were pilgrims”

• Strongly believed that God punishes bad people and is just

• His wife died after slipping over the edge of the Mayflower and drowning(potential suicide from not seeing her son for 4 months)

John Robinson

• Separatist pastor who led the majority of the Pilgrims’ congregation in Leiden, Holland

• Helped guide the Pilgrims’ religious community

• Did not travel to America with the Mayflower

• His congregation eventually sent the Mayflower group to America

• selfless and strongwilled

(basically he’s a separatist pastor and he led to Holland)

King James I

• King of England when the Pilgrims were facing religious pressure

• Supported the Church of England

• Religious conflicts under his rule contributed to Separatists leaving England

• Authorized the Virginia company in 1606

John Carver

• First governor of Plymouth

• negociated agreement with Massasoit

• died in 1621 from working in the fields

• had one surviving servant: John Howland —> became free and inherited some of carver’s estate

The Merchants/Adventurers

• Investors in the Pilgrim’s journey

• Expected the colony to produce economic profit

The strangers

• Non-pilgrim passengers

  • Created tension

Miles Standish

• Military leader of Plymouth

• Helped defend the colony

• Had a reputation for being aggressive toward potential Native enemies

• Led military expediations, including the attack on the Massachusett Indians

Massasoit

• Leader of the Pokanoket Wampanoag

• Established an important alliance with Plymouth in 1621

• Alliance benefitted both sides

• Father of Alexander and Phillip

Squanto

• A Patuxet Native man who had extensive experience with Europeans

• Spoke English and could communicate with the Pilgrims

• Interpreter

• Served as an important intermediary between the english and native peoples

• tried to increase his own political influence, contributing to conflict with Massasoit

• died in 1622

• helped the pilgrims with agriculture and diplomacy

Wampanoag

• A Native confederation/people

• Massasoit, Alexander and Philip were the important leaders of this

• Lived in what is now southeastern Massachusetts/Rhode Island

• Had extensive contact with Europeans before the Mayflower arrived

Pokanokets

• A major Wampanoag group

• Led by Massasoit and later Philip

• Central to the story of Plymouth and King Philip’s War

Narragansetts

• Powerful Native people in southern New England

• Had their own political interests and rivalries with other Native groups

• Initially remained relatively independent from the English-Wampanoag conflict

• Later became involved in King Philip’s War

• Their presence shows that Native groups weren’t united

Roger Williams

• Religious dissenter who founded Rhode Island

• Adovcated

• Puritan

Philip/Metacomet

• Massasoit’s second son

• Famous leader of the Wampanoag people

• Became leader after his brother died

Alexander

• Massasoit’s first son

• Died suspiciously in the custody of the english —> sudden fever and illness(maybe poisoned)

John Sassamon

• Native American

• became everything that Massasoit grew to fear

• Could read and write

• Alexander’s interpreter

• John Eliot’s pupil

Josiah Winslow

• Son of Edward and Susanna Winslow

• Plymouth governor'

• during king phillip’s war, became commander-in chief

Benjamin Church

• Carpenter turned indian fighter

• Maternal grandfather sailed the Mayflower(Richard Warren)

• First Englishmen to settle in the southeastern tip of Narragansett Bay

• Had to protect soldiers behind him

Samuel Mosely

• Sea captain

• Led a successful assault on some Dutch privateers off the coast of Maine —> they were put on trial and agreed to fight the Native Americans under Mosely

  • Brutal to the Native Americans

Mary Rowlandson

• Author of The Sovereignty and Goodness of God —> an account of her capture by the Indians

King Philip’s War

• Last 14 months(1675-1676)

• The puritan settlers and their native american allies won the war

  • The english won by joining with native americans and killing King Phillip

• 1/3 of the towns(there were about 100) in New England burned and abandoned

• 5,000 dead, ¾ of that native Americans

• Twice more violent that the civil war, 7 times the american revolution

• short term cause

  • John Sassamon’s death —> caused the execuation of three Wampanoag men by the Plymouth colony

• long term cause

  • unfair treaties

  • conflicts over land

  • growing english population size

  • power imbalance

Speedwell

Intended companion to the Mayflower, smaller

1577 ship

Wampum

Traditional bead

First Thanksgiving

• Marked almost a full year since the Pilgrims landed in Cape Cod

• Food: deer, turkey, pottage, fish

• The pilgrim’s would not have survived so long without Massasoit’s help

• 3 days

Provincetown

Landing site of the pilgrims

Great Swamp Fight

Part of King Philip’s war

Fought in Rhode Island

The Massachusetts Bay Colony

• Puritan settlement

• Governor: John Withrop