Anatomy and Physiology: The Cellular Level of Organization

These flashcards cover key concepts related to the cellular level of organization in anatomy and physiology, focusing on membrane structure, transport mechanisms, cell function, and genetic material.

What type of barrier is the cell membrane, separating the internal environment from the external?

Selectively permeable.

What type of molecules are phospholipids, characterized by their hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails?

Amphipathic molecules.

Which type of solution has a higher concentration of solute outside the cell, causing cells to shrink?

A hypertonic solution.

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

The S phase.

The sodium-potassium pump is an example of what type of active transport, moving sodium out and potassium into the cell?

Primary active transport.

During transcription, what does RNA polymerase synthesize from a DNA template within the nucleus?

Complementary mRNA.

What component of the nucleus is involved in ribosome production and is located within the nucleus itself?

The nucleolus.

Osmosis describes the movement of water across what kind of membrane toward an area with a higher solute concentration?

A semipermeable membrane.

In facilitated diffusion, through what kind of proteins do molecules move across the membrane?

Transmembrane proteins.

Cellular differentiation is the process by which cells become what for specific functions?

Specialized.

What phase of mitosis involves chromatids aligning in the middle of the cell?

Metaphase.

What form of transport is endocytosis, which involves the cell membrane engulfing materials?

Active transport.

What component of the cytoskeleton is made of protein filaments and helps maintain the structure of the cell?

The cytoskeleton.

Exocytosis is the process by which a cell does what with materials or secretes substances outside?

Exports materials.

What are the three-nucleotide sequences of mRNA that specify the order of amino acids during protein synthesis?

Codons.

What must happen to introns, which are non-coding regions of DNA, before mRNA can be translated into protein?

They must be removed.

What is the Golgi apparatus responsible for regarding products from the rough ER?

Sorting and modifying them.