Micro Ch 6--Metabolism: Fueling Cell Growth

metabolism

chemical reactions in the body to convert food into energy, build and repair tissues, and regulate bodily functions

catabolism

process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones, which releases energy

antabolism

the process of building and storing complex molecules from smaller ones

coenzyme

speeds up enzyme, usually a vitamin or mineral

6 major classes of enzymes

oxidoreductases

transferases

hydrolases

lyases

isomerases

ligases

oxidoreductases

causes losses and gains of Oxygen and Hydrogen

transferases

transfer chemical functional groups

hydrolases

split bonds with water

lyases

removes atoms without water

isomerases

rearrange molecules

ligases

join molecules together

Temperature effect on enzymes

hot: speeds up enzyme to a point, but causes denaturation

cold: slows enzyme

pH effect on enxymes

high or low disrupts the structure and function (denaturation)

denaturation

unravelling of protein’s structure

competitive enzyme inhibitor

slows or stops the enzyme

binds reversibly to the active site

noncompetitive enzyme inhibitor

slows or stops the enzyme

binds to another spot: the allosteric site

can be reversible or irriversible

ATP production

nucleic acid that is broken to release energy

broken between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate group through hydrolysis

3 ways to make ATP

photosynthesis

aerobic respiration

anaerobic respiration (fermentation)

chlorophyll

photons of light cause electrons in chlorophyll to be excited from their regular orbit

electrons fall back into its orbit and releases energy

the oxidation of glucose equation

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ ---z 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + 38ATP

glycolysis

breakdown of sugar chains

kreb’s cycle

begins with pyruvate to acetyl CoA

produces oxaloacetic acid, CO₂, NADH and FADH₂

electron transport system

starts with NADH and FADH₂

electrons passed along proteins

produces ATP and water

fermentation

lack of Oxygen, pyruvate becomes acids or alcohols

usually lactic acid of ethanol

lipid breakdown

glycerol goes through the krebs cycle while fatty acids converted to acetyl CoA and processed through krebs

protein breakdown

broken down into amino acids, carbon enters krebs