cmn 10y textbook

communication

a system or process in which ppl interact with and thru symbols to create meaning

content level of meaning

one of two levels of meaning; the literal information of a message

feedback

verbal and nonverbal response to a message, the concept of this as applied to human communication appeared first in interactive models of communication

homeostasis

a state of equilibrium that systems strive for but cant sustain

meaning

the significance we attribute to a phenomenom; what it signifies to us

noise

anything that interferes with intended meaning of communication; includes sound (eg traffic) as well as psychological interferences (eg, preoccupation)

openness

the extent to which a system affects and is affected by its surrounding environment

process

an ongoing continuity, the beginning and end of which are difficult to identify

ex: communication

relationship level of meaning

one of the two levels of meaning in cmn; expresses the relationship b/w communicators

symbol

arbitruary, ambiguous, and abstract representations of phenomena

are the basis of language, much nonverbal behavior, and human thought

system

a group of interrelated elements that affect one another.

ex: communication

critical research

an approach to research that aims to identify, critque, or change comn practices that oppress, marginalize, or otherwise harm ppl

ethics

deals with goodness or rightness of particular actions

ethos

one of the three forms of proof; proof based on speaker’s credibility (trustworthiness)

interpersonal cmn

cmn b/w ppl, sometimes in close relationships such as friendship and romance

intrapersonal cmn

cmn w/ ourselves, or self-talk

logos

one of three forms of proof; proof based on logic and reasoning

organizational culture

values, behaviors, practices, and forms of cmn that are shared by members of an organization and that reflect an organization’s identity

pathos

one of three forms of proof; proof based on appealing to listener’s emotions

qualitative research

interpretive techniques, including textual analysis and ethnography, used to understand the character of experience, particulalry how ppl perceive and make sense of cmn

quantitative research

techniques such as descriptive statistics, surveys, and experiments, used to gather quantifiable data

triangulation

studying phenomena by replying on multiple sources of data, theories, researchers, and/or methodological approaches

abstract

removed from concrete reality

symbols are an example bc they refer to but are not equivalent to reality

Ambiguous

subject to multiple meanings

ex: symbols bc their meanings vary from person to person, context to context, and so on

Arbitrary

random or not necessary

ex: symbols bc there is no need for any particular symbol to stand for a particular referent

brute facts

objective; concrete phenomena

cmn rules

shared understanding of what cmn means and what behaviors are appropriate in various situations

constitutive rules

cmn rules that specify how certain communicative acts are to be counted

hypothetical thought

thinking abt experiences and ideas that do not exist or are not immediately present to the senses

“I”

teh creative, spontaneous, impulsive aspect of the selfIs complimented by “me”

“I” -language

language that identifies the speaker’s or perceiver’s thoughts and feelings

indexing

a technique of noting that every statement reflects a specific time and circumstance and may not apply to other times or circumstances

institutional facts

meanings ppl assign to brute facts that are based on human interpretation

loaded language

an extreme for of evaluative language that relies on words that strongly slant perceptions and thus meaning

“me”

the reflective, analytical socially conscious aspect of self

compliments the “I” aspect of self

nonverbal cmn

all forms of cmn other than words; includes inflection and other vocal qualities as well as several other behaviors such as shrugs, blushing,

punctuation

defining the beginning and ending of interaction or interaction episodes. Is subjective and not always agreed on by those involved in the interaction

reappropriation

a group’s reclaimation of a term used by others to degrade the group’s members; the treatment of those terms as positive self-descriptions. Aims to remove the stigma from terms that others use pjoratively

regulative rules

cmn rules that regulate interaction by specifying when, how, where, and with whom to talk about certain things

static evaluation

an assesment that suggests that something is unchanged (eg, bob is impatient)

symbol

Arbitrary, ambiguous, and abstract representations of phenomena. Basis of language, much nonverbal behavior, and human thought

totalizing

responding to a person as if one aspect of that person were the total of who the person is

verbal cmn

words and only words; does not include inflection, accent, volumes, pitch, or other paralinguistic features of speech

you-language

language that attributes intentions and motivates to another person; usually the person to who is speaking (compare with I - language)

artifacts

and personal object with which one announces one’s identities or personalizes one’s environment

chronemics

nonverbal cmn involving the perception and use of time to define identities and interaction

environmental factors

any nonverbal element of setting that affects how we think, feel, act, and communicate

haptics

nonverbal cmn involving physical touch

kinesics

body position and body motions, including those of the face, that may be used to communicate or may be interpretted as communicating

olfactics

the preception of scents and odors; form of nonverbal cmn

paralanguage

cmn that is vocal but not verbal. Includes accents, volume, pitch, and sounds such as murmurs and gasps

physical appearance

form of nonverbal cmn; how we llok, including the cultural meanings, values, and expectations associated with looks

proxemics

form of nonverbal cmn that involves space and how we use it

silence

lack of sound; can be a powerful form of nonverbal cmn

Acknowledgement

the second of three levels of interpersonal cmn

Communicating that you hear and understand another’s expressed feelings and thoughts

Arbitrator

outside third party who has the authority to make a decision on a conflict bw two or more ppl

bracketing

identifying and setting aside for later discussion the issues peripheral to a current conflict

confirmation

the expressed valuing of another person

cmn climate

the overall feeling or emotional mood bw two ppl

conflict

the expression by ppl who depend on each other of different views, interests, or goals, and the perception of differences as incompatible or in opposition

covert conflict

conflict that is expressed indirectly; generally more difficult to manage constructively t

endorsement

the 3rd of three levels of interpersonal confirmation; the cmn of acceptance of another’s thoughts and feelings. not the same as agreement

Ethnocentrism

assume that one’s own way of life is superior than others

flaming

excessively insulting another person online, often using language that is derogatory

grace

granting forgiveness, putting aside our own needs, or helping another save face when no standard says we should or must

lose-lose

one of three orientations to conglict

assumes that everone loses when conflict occurs

mediator

outside third party who facilitiates discussion bw 2 or more ppl who are in conflict but who does not have the power to make decisions

overt conflict

conflict expressed directly and in a straightforward manner

recognition

the most basic level of interpersonal cmn

the cmn of awareness that another person exists and is present

win-lose

one of the three orientations towards conflict; assumes that in any conflict one person wins and other(s) lose

win-win

one of three orientations of conflict

assumes that everyone involved in a conflict can gain

assimilation

the giving up of one’s native ways to take up the other ways of another culture

cultural relativism

the recognition that cultures vary in thought, action, and behavior as well as in beliefs and values; not the same as moral relativism

culture

the beliefs, values, understandings, practices, and ways of interpreting experience that are shared by a group of ppl

hate groups

collections of ppl who advocate and engage in hatred, aggression, or violence towards members of a particular race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, religion, etc

high context cmn styles

an indirect and undetailed way of speaking that conveys meanings implicitly rather than explicitly; typical of collectivist cultures

individualism/collectivism

dimension of cultures that refers to the extent to which members of a culture understand themselves as a part of and connected to their families, groups, and cultures

long-term/short-term orientation

dimension of culture that refers to the extent to which members of a culture think abt long-term (history and future) vs short0term (present)

low context cmn style

language that is very explicit, detailed, and precise; generally used in individualistic cultures

Masculinity/femininity

dimesnion of culture that refers to the extent to which a culture values aggressiveness, competitiveness, looking out for yourself, and dominating others, which are typically associated with mean

versus gentleness, coperation, and taking care of others and the natural world which tends to be associated with women

also called “aggressiveness”

Multilingual

able to speak and understand more than one language or cmn style used in a social group or culture

Participation

a response to cultural diversity in which one incorporates some practices, customs, and traditions

power distance

dimension of culture that refers to the size of the gap bw ppl with high and low power and the extent to which that is regarded as normal

resistance

a response to cultural diversity; attacking the cultural practices of others or proclaiming that one’s own cultural traditions are superior

respect

a response to cultural diversity in which one values others’ customs, traditions, and values even if one does not actively incorporate them into one’s life

social communities

a group of ppl who live w/ in a dominant culture yet also belong to another social group or groups that share values, understandings, and practices distinct from those of the dominant culture

standpoint

the social, symbolic, and material conditions common to a group of ppl that influence how they understand themselves, others, and society

standpoint theory

a culture includes a number of social groups that differently shape the perceptions, identities, and opportunities of members of those groups

tolerance

a response to diversity in which one accepts difference, although one may not approve of or even understand them

uncertainty avoidance

dimension of culture that refers to the extent to which ppl want to avoid ambiguity and vagueness

uncertainty reduction theory

ppl find uncertainty uncomfortable and so are motivated to use cmn to reduce uncertainty

understanding

a response to cultural diversity that assumes that differences are rooted in cultural teachings and that no traditions, customs, or behaviors are better than others

anxious/ambivalent attachment style

one of the 4 styles of attachment

a style, characterized by preoccupation w/ relationships, inj which intimacy is both wanted and feared. It is fostered by inconsistent treatment from a caregiver

attachment style

the pattern of interaction bw child and primary caregiver that teaches the child who he/she is, who others are, and how to approach relationships

are 4 types: anxious/ambivalent, dismissive, fearful, and secure

cyberbullying

text messages, rumors, embarrassing pictures, videos, and fake profiles that are meant to hurt another person and are sent by e-mail or posted on social networking sites

direct definition

cmn that tells us who we are by explicitly labelling us and reacting to our behaviors; usually occurs in families and later in interaction w/ peers and others

dismissive attachment style

one of the 4 styles of attachment

characterized by a view of others as unworthy of love and the self as adequate yet removed from intimate relationships; fostered by disinterested, rejecting, or abusive treatment by a caregiver

downer

a person who communicates negatively abt us and our worth

fearful attachment style

one of the 4 styles of attachment

characterized by the perception of self as unworthy of love; fostered by dismissive, rejecting, or abusive treatment by caregiver

generalized other

the perspective that represents one’s perception of the rules, roles, and attitudes endorsed by one’s group or community