Paper 3 DT HL

Topics 7-10

Affinity Diagram

Tool used to organize ideas and information

Di/A of affinity diagrams

A - Cost effective, builds team cooperation

D - can be time consuming, too complex for all situations

Field Research

First hand observation of customer’s user experience in their environment

Di/A Field Research

A - gathers first hand knowledge of the user and their needs

D - data can become narrow because they are testing a specific user

Observation

A collection of responses from users, a trail of observation of users interacting with the product

Di/A Observation

A - provides valuable data for refining a design

D - can be time consuming

Method of extremes

sampling method where users are selected to represent the extremes of a user population when testing a product

Di/A Method of extremes

A - More inclusive numbers

D - May be difficult to accompdate these users

Natural environment

the monitoring of a user interacting with the product in their home, place of work, or other natural places.

Di/A Natural environment

A - data can be gathered from the product real context

D - certain types of testing may not be possible

Usability lab

a lab in which usability testing is carried out by potential users while being observed by research professionals

Di/A Usability lab

A- data can be gathered in a controlled environment

D- expensive to operate

Usability

The extent to which a product can be used by specified users to achieve a specified goal effectively and efficiently.

Usability testing

the testing of a product with potential users to find out how usable the product is

Participatory design

when users representing the target market for a product perform realistic tasks by interacting with a paper version of the product

Di/A Participatory design

A- Can include a wide range of users

D- can be time consuming

Prototype testing

a session where a test product is made and tested

Di/A Prototype testing

A- allows researchers to identify improvements that need to be made

D- can be costly

User centered design

a design process that pays attention to the needs of potential users of a product by involoving them in all stages of the design process

Characteristics of good user product interfaces

1. visibility - controls should be easily accessible to the human eye

2. ease of use - should not have an unecessary features

3. intuitive logic - doesn’t require specialized training

4. simplicity - function should be clear

5. low mem burden - should not be hard to memorize

6. feedback - audio, visual, aesthetic response to an action

7. affordance - buttons, knobs, turning

8. mapping - correspondence between the layout of the controls and their required action

9. constraits - limitations on how a product can be used

Benefits of enhanced usability

1. Product acceptance - the knowledge that a product or service paid for will meet up to its defined expectations

2. User experience - a person’s perceptions and responses that result from the use or anticipated use of a product, service, or system.

3. Productivity - developing products with the users in mind so that they can reduce time wasting

4. User error - mistakes when using the product due to aspects such as complexity or inefficiency

5. Training and support - help and guidance such as tutorials or instructions on how to use the product

Usability objectives

1. Usefulness

2. Effectiveness

3. Learnability

4. Attitude

Four pleasure framework

1. Ideo : aesthetics and culture

2. psycho : how hard or easy the product is to use

3. physio : touching, smelling, hearing , or tasting

4. socio : belonging to a social group

Design for emotion

strategy that focuses on increasing user engagment, loyalty and satisfaction with a product by incorporating emotion and personality

Design for emotion

1. Behavioural design

2. Reflective design

3. Visceral design

Dominant design

The design contains those implicit features of a product that are recongnized as essential to by a majority of manufacuturers and purchasers

Iterative design

developed through user centered evaluation and based upon the six principles of iterative design

TBL

measures a company’s success on social, government, and environment

Product stewardship

everyone involved in making,selling,buying,or handling electronic equipment takes responsibility for minimizing environmental impact

Sustainability reporting

a compnay report that focuses on four aspects of performnace: economic, environmental, social, and governance

eco labelling

the labelling of products to demonstrate that they are better for the environment than other products

energy labelling

the labelling of products to show how energy efficient they are

take back legislation

laws that require manufacturers to take back packaging and products at the end of the use

Types of sustainability attitudes

1. eco-warriors: actively demonstrate on environmental issues

2. eco-fans: enthusiastically adopt environmentally friendly practices

3. eco-phobes: resent talk of the environment protection

4. eco-champions: champion environmental issues within organizations

corporate strategies

1. Pioneering: being first to the market with a new product

2. Imatative: developing products that are similar to an existing product

Market and product growth strategies

1. Market development (new market existing product)

2. Product develpment (existing market new product)

3. Market penetration (existing market existing product)

4. Product diversification (new market new product)

Product family

a group of products that have a common classifcation critera

Marketing mix 4 p’s

Product: branding, packaging

Place: location transport

Price: Pricing, discounts

Promotion: sales

Pricing techniques

1. competitor based

2. psychological

3. cost-plus

4. product-line

5. demand

Marketing research strats

1. user trial

2. literature: reports, newspaper, magazine, etc

3. expert appraisal: reliance on the knowledge and skills of an expert

4. user research: questionnaires, surveys, interviews

5. perceptual mapping: tool to compare product in the market

6. environmental scanning: study and interpretation of the political, economic, social, and technological events

7. product analysis

Brand loyalty

Where a person has a favorite supplier and prefers to buy products from them rather than other suppliers

Just in time

A system where product are made upon ordering

Di/A just in time

A - low waste as there is no over production, lower cost becasue no inventory

D - greater risk of delays between ordering and delivery, cannot benefit from economies of scale to the same degree

Just in case

company keeps a small stock of components or ones that take a long time to make

Di/A just in case

A- timely distribution, can respond to market demands

D- large inventory must be managed, storage has to be paid for, greater risk of waste

Lean production

aims to eliminate waste and maximize the value of a product based on the perspective of the consumer.

Di/A lean production

A - Increased productivity, Improved working conditions for employees, Reduced environmental impact

D - No inventory can make it difficult to respond to sudden increases in demand or create a buffer in case of a production slowdown.

Characteristics of lean production

1. JIT suppllies

2. zero defects

3. quality control and continuous improvement

4. highly skilled workforce

5. zero inventory

Principles of lean production

1. focus on kaizen

2. maximizing production flow

3. eliminating waste

4. meeting customer requirements

Value stream mapping

a lean production managment tool used to analyze current and future process of a product from the production to delivery

Kaizen

A culture of continuous improvement originating in Japan

Quality control

ensures that the products or services are designed and produced to meet or exceed customer requirements

Quality assurance

covers all activities from design to documentation like raw materials, assemblies, components, etc.

5S’s

set in order - optimize streamline efficiency

sustain - maintain standards

shine - clean and organize

sort - only keep necessary items in work place

standarize - set standards for consistanly organized work place

7 wastes of lean manu

1. transportation

2. inventory

3. motion

4. waiting

5. overproduction

6. over processing - reduce by using value stream mapping

7. defects

CIM

a system of manu that uses computers to integrate the processing of production, business and manu in order to create more efficient production lines

Di/A Mass production/ Batch production

A - high quality of product, shorter lead time, continuous production

D - high cost of training, job loss due to automation, high initial cost

Di/A One off/ scale production

A - highly customizable

D - high intital cost, low economies of scale

Di/A mass customization

A - easier to meet needs of users

D - high cost of training, high initial cost

Statisical process control

a quailty control tool that uses statistical methods to ensure a process is operating at its most efficient

Lead time

Time between the initiation and the execution of a process

Workflow analysis

the review of processes in a workflow in order to identify potential improvements

cost-effectiveness

the most efficient way of designing and producing a product from the manufacurer’s point of view

Break even point

point of balance between profit and loss

Datschefski’s princples

cyclic, solar, safe, effcient, social