Abnormal psych 2

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One-Dimensional Model

posits that abnormal behaviour results from a single cause, purely biological, purely psychological, purely social, etc.

Multidimensional Model

recognizes that abnormal behaviour can arise from multiple interacting factors, including biological, psychological, and social influences.

Biopsychosocial model

explains mental disorders in terms of the interacting biological, psychological, and social factors. Model emphasizes reciprocal interactions, biological vulnerability can make someone more prone to stress but optimism can act as a buffer against biological risks. social support can protect against relapse even when biology and psychology urge it. 

Multifinality

Same cause can lead to different disorders

Equifinality

Different causes can lead to the same disorder

Norepinephrine

Alertness, concentration, energy

Serotonin

Obsession, compulsion, memory

Dopamine

Pleasure, reward, motivation, anticipation

Norepinephrine + Serotonin

anxiety impulse, irritability

Serotonin + Dopamine

Appetite, sex, aggression

Norepinephrine + Dopamine

attention (modafinil)

GABA

inhibitory, implicated in inhibtion of anxiety

Hypothyroidism

fatigue, low motivation, depression

Hyperthyroidism

can’t sit still, on the edge

Monoamine hypothesis of depression

idea that serotonin was the sole player in depression because of the use pf iproniazid and imipranine which both regulated serotonin and demonstrated improvments in mood.

The network hypothesis

the idea that depression was a product of disturbances in activity dependent information processing and that meds worked by improving interneural connections (increase in neuroplasticity)

HPA axis

hypothalamus releases corticotropin releasing hormone that activates the anterior pituitary which releases ACTH to the adrenal cortex causing it to release cortisol. cortisol acts as a negative feedback on the hypothalamus to signal necessity. overproduction of CRH and ACTH results from failure of this negative feedback

Diathesis stress model

as stress increases, so does the likelyhood that a disorder will manifest itself as a function of the prexisting predispostition

Freud’s psychosexual stages

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent, Genital

Ego Psychology

focus on ego and how the ego uses defenses when faced with conflict

Object relations theory

Melanie Klein: internalized external objects that are the bases for how we interact with others as the instantiations of these objects 

Interpersonal Perspective

psychopathology arises in tendencies we develop from the difficulties we have in our interpersonal environments. 

Attachment theory

John Bowlby, father of attachment: emphasizes the importance of early experiences as laying the foundation for later functioning. personality is determined within the first 2 years of life

Thorndike 1905: Law of Effect

when a behaviour is followed with a positive consequence its likely to be repeated. vice versa for unpleasant consequences. The box with the cat and levers 

John B. watson: little albert experiment

his experiment suggested that emotions and trepidations were classically conditioned 

B.F. Skinner: operant conditioning

the presence of reinforcement differentiates it from classical conditioning

Schedules of reinforcement

fixed interval, fixed ratio, variable interval, variable ratio

fixed interval

after a certain amt of time, behaviour is reinforced

fixed ratio

after a certain amount of times doing the behaviour, its reinforced

variable interval

after an unknown amt of time, the behaviour is reinforced

variable ratio

after an unknown amt of times performing the behaviour, its reinforced

observational learning paradigm

Albert bandura - many behaviours are learning from modeling others behaviours

rational emotive therapy and the ABC model

A activating event, B beliefs about the event, C the behavioural or emotional consequence. beliefs often determine the consequences

Humanistic and existential models

reality is a product of our unique experiences and perceptions of the world. the subjective universe is more importan than real events themselves. we have free will and personal responsibility and a natural drive toward goodness.

carl rogers

intrinsic goodness, striving for self actualization and “blocked growth”. father of counseling psychology

carl roger’s real self

who we really are if we had omnipotent knowledge

carl rogers’ ideal self

the person we strive to be. the greater the distance between real and ideal self, the more pethology we should see. ultimate goal is to close that distance.

Maslow’s hierarchy

maslow believes we all have needs that can be arranged into a hierarchy in function of their criticality. physiological, safety, belonging (actual or imagined people), esteem, self-actualisation

Viktor Frankl

psychiatrist focused on aftermath of ww2 concentration camps. came up with logotherapy

logotherapy

people are made up of Soma, Psyche, noetic core. will to live and meaning in life is the most important thing. those with meaning find themselves less sick physically and mentally

sociocultural models of abnormal psych

social role cogruence/incongruence, socioeconomic status, social support all important for psychological wellbeing, being ostracised, poor, and lonely is not conducive to wellbeing

Asch study 1950s

looked at role of peer pressure in decision making, subject was askedto say which line was most similar to the line they were first showed. there were confederates in the study who were told to give the wrong answer. the more confederates gave the wrong answer, the more subjects were pressured into giving the wrong answer as well. 3-4 influencers is where the pressure begins

Stanford prison study 1971

phillip zimbarro study. both physical environment and social environment influence behaviour

Broken windows theory

as people walk past a building with broken windows, they are more likely to break more since it seems others dont care

cultures influence on psychopathology 

how symtoms are expressed (somatizing, culture specific disorders). individualistic vs collectivist cultures and expectations for happiness. different child rearing practices produce different autcomes and personalities more prone to disorder. conformity and social role violations play a larger role in some cultures than others. psychiatric malfunctioning rewraded in certain oles (shamans, medicine men). suppression of certain human urges through culture resulting in those urges finding other avenues for expression. 

cultures infleunce on psychopathology

some cultures encourage stressful roles that put people in the position to become disordered/ jobs that induce role conflict. stress inherent with immigration and assimilation into new culture. certain cultures equip people with patterns of fear jealousy or unrealistic aspirations which result in mental illness. social clocks in ceratin cultures (where you should be at a given point in your life). arranged marriages and stuff increase unpahhiness and stress. health practices, excercise, eating

yerkes dodson law

optimal level of arousal/ anxiety to achieve an optimal level of performance. too little anxiety leads to poor performance, too much also leads to poor performance

disorder criteria for anxiety

functional impairment, developmental age (appropriate fears at appropriate ages), sociocultural impacts (death is viewed differently)

panic attacks

situationally bound or expected - predictable and bound to a known atimulus
Unexpected or uncued - occurs out of nowhere and cant be prepared for

panic disorder

recurrent panic attacks, constant fear of a future attack

agoraphobia

intense fear of being in public spaces like at the supermarket
begins with a panic attak in the supermarket and then later fear of more panic attacks so avoidance of the supermarket and similar places
starts in 20s-40s and sometimes in teen years. 2x more prevalent in women than men. 30-34% of the variance in liability to panic symptoms is due to genetic factors. 

flashbulb memory

vivid detailed recollection of a specific moment in which an emotionally relevant or suprising event occured. mediated by hippocampus

cognitive theory of panic attacks

hypersensitivity to bodily sensations and catastrophize the meaning of them. Pop quiz, drinks extra coffee → heart racing, sweat, rapid unfocused thoughts, psychomotor agitation → something bad will happen or really sick, fail the pop quiz/class/semester → panic attack or avoidance

learning theory of panic attacks (classical conditioning)

panic attacks are conditioned to certain stimuli or internal cues. anticipatory anxieties are classically conditioned.

generalized anxiety disorder

chronic unreasonable amount of anxiety. lasts more than 6 months. according to yerkes dodson law, people with GAD are at the higher end of the bell curve but not high enough to be at the level of a panic disorder

Psychodynamic/psychoanalytic view: unconcious conflict between the ego and id impulses. superego and id make conflicting normative prescriptions and ego defense mechanisms dont work to reconcile the gulf. 

Operant conditioning factor: people with GAD think there are benefits of worrying and checking which reinforces the cycle.

Cognitive biases: people with GAD process threatening information in a biased way. prominent danger schemas. interpret ambiguous stimuli as threats.

*heritability estimate at 30%. insufficiency in GABA transmission. 
some people with GAD dont have the inhibitory function of cortisol on the HPA axis so they are in perpetuity anxious

Phobias

most phobias lead to increase in metabolic rate but blood/injection/injury phobias lead to a slowing of the rate as the body cant tell the difference between external and internal injury and tries to mitigate blood loss. 

Social anxiety disorder

subtypes:

Performance - doing something in front of others
nonperformance - out in public BEING WATCHED

they are watching you….

originates from direct or vicarious operant conditioning. socially learned or observationally. there are innacurate or biased cognitive schemas where they expect that others will reject or negatively evaluate them. ambiguous stimli interpreted as a threat.

evolutionary context: alliances and friendships are crucial so we are hardwird to be in packs. rejection from the pack could result in death.

obsessive compulsive disorder

1.6-1.7% of population suffers from OCD, comorbidity with 50% of anxiety disorders
late adolescence or adult onset. gradual progression from insignificant to debilitating.
48-58% heredity 

OCD vs ICD: OCD driven by desire to avoid harm. ICD is driven by rward seeking behaviour

1. inflated personal responsibility

2. over importance of thoughts

3. need to control thoughts

4. overestimation of threats

5. intolerance for uncertainty

6. perfectionism

treatment: serotonergic drugs like fluoxetine, CBT

kleptomania

5% of shoplifters, KEY: objects stolen not for personal use but to soothe an anxiety and the cycles of growing internal discomfort. Get high off the adrenaline from stealing

pyromania

more common in males, peaks at 12-24 years

impulse control disorders ICD

Urge → tension → action → relief → usually guilt

body dysmorphic disorder

30% of affected have no insight, dont understand that its pathological, 1/3 have suicidal thoughts, classified under OCD because it involves lots of checking behaviour

anti psychiatry movement

Tomas Szasz: mental illness is a myth, disguises the fact that people can’t solve their conflicts within human relations. mental illness a product of society, not of self.

David Rosenhan: his pseudopatients were admitted into hospitals for presenting hallucinatory symptoms and psychosis, kept in hospital for 7 to 52 days. demonstrated the stickiness of label and how psychiatrists couldnt tell the difference between sick and not sick even though patients could.

Criminal committment

cops take u to jail

civil committment

govt sequesters you away because youre a danger to yourself or others.

criteria: clear danger to self and others imminently, inability to care for oneself, inability too make responsible decisions about treatment or hospitalization and refuses to do things like eating. 
committment requires an affidavit and full court procedure for a formal charge to be made. 

parens patriae

state as parent. philosophy where the state may need to step in as a parent for the well being of the citizen. philosophical precondition for civil committment.

standards of committment

some states have lax standards for civil committment, easier to get people in. some states have higehr standards which are more likely to result in a false negative

M’naghten rule

used in 1% of felony cases and successful only 25% of the time to argue that the defendant was disturbed at the time of the crime

durham insanity defense

only in NH, must show causation of the act by the mental illness.

insanity defense

does not know the nature of their action or its morality

irresistible impulse defense

focus on defendants will and ability to control themselves

american law institute model

considers defect of the mind, cognition (not necessarily knowledge of right or wrong) and was there mens rea aka violent intent. revealed the weakness of dsm criteria

federal insanity defense reform act

shifted burden of proof from prosecution to defendant who now has to convincingly establish the defendants insanity 1984

Duty to warn principle

Therapists may be liable when they do the following:

Fail to diagnose/predict dangerousness

Fail to warn potential victims

Fail to commit dangerous individuals

Prematurely discharge dangerous clients from a hospital