TOPIC 1 - Characteristics and classification of living organisms

MRS GREN

• movemnet

• respiration

• sensitivity

• growth

• reproduction

• ecvretion

• nutition

define Movement

An action by an organism or part of an organism causing a change of position or place.

movement examples

Animals walking, plants turning towards the sun, the flow of cytoplasm within a cell.

respiration define

The chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules (e.g., glucose) and release energy for metabolism.

respiration process

Respiration involves breaking down food molecules (like glucose) in the presence of oxygen (aerobic respiration) or without oxygen (anaerobic respiration).

define sensitivity

• Definition: The ability to detect and respond to changes in the internal or external environment.

define growth

• Definition: A permanent increase in size and dry mass (the mass of an organism excluding water).

define reprodcution

Definition: The processes that make more of the same kind of organism

define Excretion

• Definition: The removal of the waste products of metabolism and substances in excess of requirements.

define nutrition

• Definition: The taking in of materials for energy, growth, and development.

how are organsims classified/groups

based off of shared features

define species

• A species is a group of organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile (able to reproduce) offspring.

The Binomial System naming structure

genus name + species name

define the bionominal system

an internationally agreed system in which the scientific name of an organism is made up of two parts showing the genus and species

purpose of classifaction systems

reflect evolutionary relationships

is dna used as a system of classifcation, if so, how

• The sequences of bases in DNA are used as a means of classification.

How does comparing DNA base sequences help scientists determine evolutionary relationships between organisms?

Organisms that share a more recent ancestor have base sequences in DNA that are more similar than those that share only a distant ancestor. This allows us to determine evolutionary relationships.

State the main features used to place animals and plants into the appropriate kingdoms

• Animals: Multicellular, heterotrophic (ingest food), lack cell walls.

• Plants: Multicellular, autotrophic (photosynthesis), have cell walls made of cellulose.

State the main features used to place organisms into groups within the animal kingdom, limited to:

a. the main groups of vertebrates: mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish

b. the main groups of arthropods: myriapods, insects, arachnids, crustaceans

• Vertebrates: Animals with a backbone.

  • Mammals: Have hair/fur, produce milk, are warm-blooded.

  • Birds: Have feathers, wings, lay eggs, are warm-blooded.

  • Reptiles: Have scales, lay eggs, are cold-blooded.

  • Amphibians: Live in water and on land, have moist skin, lay eggs in water, are cold-blooded.

  • Fish: Live in water, have scales and fins, lay eggs, are cold-blooded.

• Arthropods: Animals with jointed legs and an exoskeleton.

  • Myriapods: Many legs (e.g., centipedes, millipedes).

  • Insects: Six legs, three body sections (head, thorax, abdomen), often have wings.

  • Arachnids: Eight legs (e.g., spiders, scorpions, mites).

  • Crustaceans: Have a hard shell, two body sections, and often have multiple pairs of legs (e.g., crabs, lobsters, shrimp).

Main Features Used to Place All Organisms into the Five Kingdoms:

Kingdom Main Features

Animal Multicellular, heterotrophic (ingest food), lack cell walls, eukaryotic cells.

Plant Multicellular, autotrophic (photosynthesis), have cell walls made of cellulose, eukaryotic cells.

Fungus Mostly multicellular (except yeasts), heterotrophic (absorb nutrients), have cell walls made of chitin, eukaryotic cells.

Prokaryote Unicellular, prokaryotic cells (lacking a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles), heterotrophic or autotrophic.

Protoctist Mostly unicellular (some multicellular), a diverse group, eukaryotic cells, can be autotrophic or heterotrophic.

• Multicellular: Made up of many cells.

• Unicellular: Made up of a single cell.

• Heterotrophic: Obtain nutrients by consuming other organisms or organic matter.

• Autotrophic: Produce their own food (usually through photosynthesis).

• Eukaryotic: Cells with a true nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

• Prokaryotic: Cells that lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles (e.g., bacteria).

• Cell Wall: A rigid outer layer that provides support and protection.

State the main features used to place organisms into groups within the plant kingdom,(dicotyledons and monocotyledons)

Dicotyledons (Dicots) Two seed leaves (cotyledons), net-veined leaves, flower parts usually in multiples of four or five, vascular bundles in a ring in the stem.

Monocotyledons (Monocots) One seed leaf (cotyledon), parallel-veined leaves, flower parts usually in multiples of three, vascular bundles scattered in the stem.

e features of viruses

• Protein Coat: A protective outer layer called a capsid, made of protein.

• Genetic Material: Contains genetic material, either DNA or RNA (but not both), which carries the instructions for the virus to replicate

defone vertebrates and prpvide examples

• Vertebrates: Animals with a backbone

• Mammals: Have hair/fur, produce milk, are warm-blooded.

• Birds: Have feathers, wings, lay eggs, are warm-blooded.

• Reptiles: Have scales, lay eggs, are cold-blooded.

• Amphibians: Live in water and on land, have moist skin, lay eggs in water, are cold-blooded.

• Fish: Live in water, have scales and fins, lay eggs, are cold-blooded.

define Eukaryotic

Cells with a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Define prokaryotic

Cells that lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles (e.g., bacteria).

distinct featurs of a mammal

• Mammals: Have hair/fur, produce milk, are warm-blooded.

• live young

distinct featurs of a bird

Have feathers, wings, lay eggs, are warm-blooded.

distinct features of reptiles

• scales

• lay eggs

• cold blooded

distinct features of amphibians

Live in water and on land, have moist skin, lay eggs in water, are cold-blooded.

features of fish

Live in water, have scales and fins, lay eggs, are cold-blooded.

define Arthropods

Animals with jointed legs and an exoskeleton.

exanples of anthropods

• Myriapods: Many legs (e.g., centipedes, millipedes).

• Insects: Six legs, three body sections (head, thorax, abdomen), often have wings.

• Arachnids: Eight legs (e.g., spiders, scorpions, mites).

• Crustaceans: Have a hard shell, two body sections, and often have multiple pairs of legs (e.g., crabs, lobsters, shrimp).

features of myriapod

• many legs

insect features

Six legs, three body sections (head, thorax, abdomen), often have wings.

arachnids

Eight legs (e.g., spiders, scorpions, mites).

featurws of crusteceans

Have a hard shell, two body sections, and often have multiple pairs of legs (e.g., crabs, lobsters, shrimp).