AP Human Geography Unit 6 Test

Ethnicity

Ethnicity

Identify with a group who share cultural traditions of a specific homeland

Race

Identify with a group of people who share a biological link

Nationality

Identify with a group who share legal status and allegiance to a country

Racism

The belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacity, and that certain races are more superior than others.

What are the U.S. Census classifications of race and ethnicity?

Race: White, Black, American Indian, Native Alaskan, Asian, Hawaiian/Pacific Islander

Ethnicity: Hispanic, Latino, and Spanish

Where are Asians distributed in the U.S?

6% (of US population), mainly California and Hawaii

Where are African Americans distributed in the U.S?

13% (of US population), mainly in SE by Mississippi River

Where are American Indians/Alaskan Natives distributed in the U.S?

1% (of US population), mainly SW and Plain States (Montana, Dakotas), plus Alaska.

Ethnic Enclave

A place with a high concentration of an ethnic group that is distinct from those in the surrounding area

Centripetal Force

A cultural value that tends to unify people

Centrifugal Force

A cultural value that tends to pull people apart

Nationalism

Loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality

What is the ethnic conflict in Iraq?

Three different ethnicities fight for power in a country that was created through the Treaty of Versailles.

Triangular Trade

Transatlantic trade of seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that encluded enslavement

Plessy vs. Ferguson

Established “separate but equal”, and started the Jim Crow laws

Blockbusting

Real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of the fear of a person of color moving to the neighborhood

Redlining

Banks draw lines on a map. This line splits white and colored neighborhoods.

Apartheid

Former laws in South Africa that physically separated races into different geographical areas

What is the ethnic division in South Asia?

India is Hindu, Pakistan is Muslim

What is the ethnic conflict in South Asia?

India, Pakistan, and China fight over the areas of Kashmir and Jammu.

What is the nationality of the Kurds?

Turkish, Iraqi, Irani, and Syrian.

Xenophobia

Fear of people from other countries

Ethnophobia

Fear of people from a particular ethnicity

Ethnic cleansing

A purposeful policy to remove another ethnic group by means of violence

Genocide

The mass killing of a group of people in an attempt to eliminate the entire group from existence

What happened in Yugoslavia?

Rival ethnic groups were forced together into one country. When the president Broz Tito died, Yugoslavia split up, but the new countries did not match up with ethnic boundaries, leading to a few cases of ethnic cleansing.

What countries are in Yugoslavia?

Slovenia, Croatia, Romania, Serbia, Kosovo, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovnia

Balkanization

Process by which a state breaks down into several smaller states through conflicts among ethnicities

Ethnic cleansing in Rwanda, Burundi

Hutus and Tutsis are basically the same, but have engaged in fights and genocides. Hutus are the majority, but Tutsis have controlled kingdoms and governments. Hutus committed genocide in 1994

Ethnic cleansing in Sudan

Many wars have happened between ethnic groups in Sudan, mainly between Arabs and Christians.

State

An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government that has control over internal and foreign affairs

About how many states are there today?

Around 200

Microstate

A state that encompasses a small area of land

When does citizenship start?

In ancient states, before the year 400

When did centralized governments come to existence?

In Medieval States, 400-1776

When did Democracy become popular

Modern States, 1776-present

Sovereignty

Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states

City-state

A state whose territory is confined to a city’s boundaries

Nation

A group of people united by culture, like language, ethnicity, or shared history

Self determination

The concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves

Nation-state

A state that territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular nation. (Iceland. Almost all Icelanders live in Iceland, and almost no other ethnicity either)

Bi-national state

A state has two ethnic groups. (North Belgium, Flemings, South Belgium, Walloons)

Multi-national state

One State encompasses many other states (USSR)

Multi State nation

Multiple different states are similar to each other (Germany and Austria, and 70% of Switzerland)

Enclaves

Multiple ethnicities reside in one country. (Bretons and Basques are disticntly different from the French)

Exclaves

Minority groups of a country in different surrounding countries. (Hungarians live in mainland Hungary, but also in groups in other countries)

Devolution

The transfer of power to a lower level, especially by a central government to local or regional administration

Separatism

The separation of a certain group of people from a larger body on the basis of ethnicity, and/or religion

Secession

The act of withdrawing from membership of a political state

Irredentism

When the majority nationality is the same as a different state (Kosovo is 90% Albanian)

Colonialism

Countries attempt to control a country and to make it their own territory

Motives for Colonialism

God, Gold, Glory

Imperialism

The practice of a country extending it´s power and influence over other countries, typically through the use of military force.

Berlin Conference

European countries met up to divide up Africa into European colonies

Treaty of Versailles

After WWI, the victorious countries punished the defeated countries by splitting up their empires, and countries taking control of the newly created countries (Middle East)

Democracy

Citizens choose leaders, power is divided among branches, liberties are guaranteed

Autocracy

Leaders inherit power, or are selected, absolute power without limits, and civil rights are not protected or guaranted

Anocracy

Mixture of Democratic and Autocratic characteristics

Unitary states

Most governmental powers reside at the national level. Small states and homogenous states.

Federal States

Powers split between national and local levels. Large and multinational states, and local governments empower ethnicities

Supranationalism (International Organizations)

The process of states organizing politically and economically into one organization

Examples of a military alliance

NATO, Warsaw Pact

Examples of a Economic Alliance

EU, and OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)

Examples of a Political/Military alliance

UN, African Union

Terrorism

Threatened or actual use of illegal force and violence by a non-state actor to attain a political, economic, religious, or social goal through fear, coercion, or intimidation.

Boko Haram

Meaning “Western education is forbidden”, the group is located in NE Nigeria, and want to turn Nigeria into a Islamic state.

Al Shabaab

Meaning “the youngsters”, the group is located in E Africa, are part of Al Qaeda, and are responsible for the mass shootings in Kenya

Taliban

Meaning “the student”, the group is located in Afghanistan and Pakistan, their goal is Islamic Theocracy, and are responsible for bombing US forces in Afghanistan

Al Qaeda

Meaning “the base”, the group is centralized in Afghanistan, their goal is to eliminate Western Influence, and are responsible for 9/11.

ISIS/ISIL

Stands for “Islamic State In Syria/Levant”, the group is located in Syria and Iraq, their goal is to recreate the Islamic Empire, and are responsible for a mass shooting in Paris

Frontier

A zone separating two states in which neither state has political control

Cultural boundary

Geographic boundary that seperates religions, language, and ethnicity (India and Pakistan)

Physical boundary

Agreed upon physical features as a boundary, usually a river (MN and WI)

Geometric boundary

Boundaries that follow a straight line, usually Latitude and Longitude (South Pole, N and S Korea)

UN Convention on the Law Of the Sea (UNCLOS)

Defines four spaces, Territorial waters, Contiguous, Exclusive Economic zone, and International waters

Territorial Waters

Up to 12 nautical miles from shore, States may set laws regulating passage of ships

Contiguous Zone

12 to 24 nautical miles from shrore, states can enforce immigration and pollution laws

Exclusive Economic Zone

24 to 200 nautical miles, a state has the right to the fish and other marine life

International Waters

Everything past 200 nautical miles

Compact

Distance from the center of the country does not vary greatly (Poland)

Elongated

Long and Narrow (Chile, Norway)

Prorupted

States that have one portion that is elongated, and sticking out from the main part (Namibia)

Perforated

A state that completely surrounds another state (South Africa)

Fragmented

States that are divided from their other parts by either land or other states (Indonesia)

Landlocked

Completely inland with no direct access to an ocean (Nepal, Kazakhstan)

Cracking

Spreading minority votes over as many districts as possible. Elections are competitive, but majority have the clear advantage

Packing

Concentrating majority votes into the least amount of districts as possible. District shapes are very interesting in shape, and are designed to help the minority win.

Gerrymandering

The process of drawing election boundaries favorably for one party

Which areas were controlled by the British?

Ireland, South Asia, and parts of South East Asia

What area was affected by the Berlin Conference?

Africa

What area was affected by the Treaty of Versailles?

Europe and Middle East

Reapportionment

Deciding how many districts each state should have. This decision is made in Congress

Redistricting

State legislature redraws boundaries after reapportionment

United Nations

A forum to resolve international problems peacefully. Established in 1945, and HQ is in New York City

European Union

Single economic market, Euro, standardized trade system, free movement of people, goods, and services. Established in 1958, and HQ is in Brussels, Belgium

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Collective defense system, USSR occupied most of Eastern Europe. This is basically Eastern Europe’s “safe zone”. Established in 1949, and HQ is in Brussels, Belgium

Who are the five permanent members in the UN’s security council?

United States, France, Britain, China, and Russia

What are some notable countries not part of the UN?

Taiwan, Kosovo

What are some notable countries not part of NATO?

Russia, Sweden

Weapon of Mass Destruction

A nuclear, chemical, or biological weapon that can kill civilians, wildlife, destroy human and natural structures, or damage the biosphere