HWH Unit 4

Middle Ages

Also knoterm-45wn as the medieval period, the time between the collapse of the Roman Empire in the fifth century AD and the beginning of the Renaissance in the fourteenth century.

Fedualism

a political system in which nobles, or lords, are granted the use of lands that legally belong to the king. in return nobles owe loyalty and military service to the king and protection to the people who live on there estates

Manorial System

self sufficient, economic structure that is the relationship b/w the Lord and the peasants or serfs who produced all the necessary goods to keep the manor running

Peasants

people who worked the land or served the nobles

Lords

People of high rank who received land in exchange for their loyalty

knights

in the Middle Ages, lesser noble who served as a mounted warrior for a lord

Charlemagne

King of the Franks (r. 768-814); emperor (r. 800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Illiterate, though started an intellectual revival.

Crusades

A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.

Bubonic Plague (Black Death)

Deadly disease that spread across Asia, north Africa, & Europe in the mid-14th century, killing millions of people (1/3 of European population)Began with infected fleas; Fleas traveled on rats and on people. First from the Mongols, then to China and rest of Asia, then to Europe through Italy.

heretic

someone who goes against accepted religious beliefs

Shinto

A Japanese religion whose followers believe that all things in the natural world are filled with divine spirits

Japanese Feudalism

This form of government became prominent in Japan by the late 12th century and lasted until 1867. Under this system, a Shogun, or supreme general, ran a centralized military government with regional divisions based on military strength. A daimyo led each of these divisions, and a number samurai fought under the daimyos command.

Shogun

In feudal Japan, a noble similar to a duke. They were the military commanders and the actual rulers of Japan for many centuries while the Emperor was a powerless spiritual figure.

Daimyo

A Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai

Samurai

Class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land.

Ronin

Samurai warriors without masters

Renaissance

"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome

Hundred Years War (1337-1453)

Conflict between England and France over the rule of France due to the fact that the English kings were able to claim to be the heirs to the thrones; results in the loss by the English

Florence, Italy

Birthplace of the Renaissance

Medici Family

Ruled Florence during the Renaissance, became wealthy from banking, spent a lot of money on art, controlled Florence for about 3 centuries

Classicism

Deriving from the orderly qualities of ancient Greek and Roman culture; implies formality, objectivity, simplicity, and restraint.

Renaissance Man

A person who is successful when it comes to working, and overall universal, knew how to dance, fight, sing, write poetry, and how to create art, and well educated with the classics.

Leonardo da Vinci

Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist. The most versatile genius of the Renaissance, Leonardo filled notebooks with engineering and scientific observations that were in some cases centuries ahead of their time. As a painter Leonardo is best known for The Last Supper (c. 1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503).

Michelangelo

(1475-1564) An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David.

Realism

A 19th century artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be

perspective

a point of view or general standpoint from which different things are viewed, physically or mentally; the appearance to the eye of various objects at a given time, place, or distance

Humanism

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements

Machiavelli

Renaissance writer; formerly a politician, wrote The Prince, a work on ethics and government, describing how rulers maintain power by methods that ignore right or wrong; accepted the philosophy that "the end justifies the means."

Petrarch

(1304-1374) Father of the Renaissance. He believed the first two centuries of the Roman Empire to represent the peak in the development of human civilization. Father of Humanism

Dante

(1265-1321) Italian poet and Renaissance writer. His greatest work is The Divine Comedy.

Erasmus

(1466?-1536) Dutch Humanist and friend of Sir Thomas More. Perhaps the most intellectual man in Europe and widely respected. Believed the problems in the Catholic Church could be fixed; did not support the idea of a Reformation. Wrote Praise of Folly.

William Shakespeare

(1564 - 1616) English poet and playwright considered one of the greatest writers of the English language; works include Julius Caesar, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, and Hamlet.

Johann Gutenberg

German printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a press (1400-1468)

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Indulgences

Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation.

Martin Luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.

Ideas of Lutheranism

Salvation is by faith alone. The bible is the ultimate authority. All human beings are equal in sight of God.

Ninety-Five Theses

attack on the abuses of the church and was copied and spread throughout Germany; written by Martin Luther

Justification by Faith

Martin Luther's doctrine that a person can be saved only by faith in God, and not by good works

John Calvin

1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings.

Ideas of Calvinism

religion based off of Calvin's teachings and believe that God elected few people to saves and believe that theocracy was ideal for government in the 1540s

Predestination

Calvinist belief that God long ago determined who would gain salvation

Henry VIII of England

Tudor King of England who launched the English Reformation because the Roman Catholic Church opposed his actions of divorcing Catherine of Aragon and marrying Anne Boleyn. Also: severed ties with Rome and allowed the Bible to be printed in English legally for the first time.

Ideas of Anglicanism

Church of England started in 1559 by Queen Elizabeth where priest were allowed to marry and sermons were in English not Latin, queen was also the head of the church

Counter Reformation

the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected)

Council of Trent

Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.

Jesuits

Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.