supernatural explanations of criminality dominated thinking from early history well into the 18th century
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Classical theory
contained in the writings of Beccaria and Bentham, these theories assume that criminals are rational actors who weigh the pleasure and pain of an activity
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Utillitarianism
a practical philosophical view that claims “we should always act so as to produce the greatest possible ratio of good to evil for all concerned
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Hedonism
a pleasure-seeking philosophy
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Neoclassical theory
new classical theories that view crime as influenced by criminal opportunities to commit crime
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Deterrence theory
the criminal is a rational actor and will be deterred by more severe and certain punishment
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Rational Choice theory
offenders weigh the opportunities, costs, and benefits of particular crimes
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Retribution
the social counterpart of individual revenge
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Deterrence
refers to the belief that perceived punishment will serve as a warning and inhibit individuals and groups from involvement in criminal activity
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\ Incapacitation
the prevention of crime by keeping criminals behind bars for longer periods
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Rehabilitation
assumes that the purpose of punishing criminals is to reform or resocialize them to conventional, law-abiding values
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Protection
the upholding of social solidarity
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If you argue that people commit crime bc they are possessed by the devil, you are using a ___ theory of crime
Demonological
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Beccaria argued that the seriousness of a crime is determined by the harm it causes society
true
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According to hedonism, we are motivated to act based on our desire to seek ___
pleasure
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Rational choice theory proposes that people do not weigh the costs and benefits of their actions before engaging in them
False
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Ecological school
criminological theory is also referred to as the statistical, geographic, or cartographic school
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Ecology
that branch of biology that deals with interrelationships between organisms and their environment
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Statistical
the first to attempt to apply official data and statistics to the problem of explaining criminality
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Geographical and cartographic
tended to rely on maps and aerial data in their investigations
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Quetelet’s theory
that violent crime increases toward the equator
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Economic theory
influenced by the writings of karl marx and views inequality and capitalism as the causes of crime
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Proletariat
refers to the working class in marx’s writings
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Bourgeoisie
marx’s term for the capitalists or owners of industry
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Flashcard (89)