Organic Chemistry Unit - Chemistry II

C_nH_2n+2

Alkane Formula

Alkane - single bonds

Contains only single bonds and the first four include methane, ethane, are saturated hydrocarbons that contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms that can bond with the number of carbon atoms in the molecule.

CH₄

Methane

C₂H₆

Ethane

C₃H₈

Propane

C₄H₁₀

Butane

Closest

Number the carbon atoms in the continuous chain starting with the atom ________ to the branching point.

Alkyl group

Alkanes missing a H atom are called what? When two or more of these are present, write them in alphabetical order.

Cycloalkane

Alkanes whose carbon atoms are joined in rings are called ________. The “n” in the formula must be n = 3, 4,….

C_nH_2n

Cycloalkane formula

Alkene - double bond

Contains at least one carbon-carbon _______ and are typically more reactive than alkanes because they have carbon-carbon double bonds.

C_nH_2n

Alkene Formula

C₂H₄

Ethene

C₃H₆

Propene

C₄H₈

1-Butene

Markownikoff's Rule

When a compound HX (such as H-CI , H-Br , or H-OH) is added to an unsymmetrical alkene (or alkyne) the hydrogen gets attached to the carbon with the most hydrogens attached to it already.

Alkyne - triple bond

Contains at least one carbon-carbon _______ and n = 2,3,4,….

Benzene Rings

Six-membered rings of carbon atoms with alternating carbon-carbon single and carbon-carbon double bonds.

Alcohol

Derivatives of hydrocarbons in which an OH group has replaced a hydrogen atom

Ethers

Contains the functional group R-0-R' where R represents an alkyl group and R' represents a second alkyl group that may or may not be identical to the first alkyl group

Amines

Occurs when one or more hydrogen atoms of NH₃ are replaced with an alkyl group

Aldehyde

These have at least one H atom attached to the carbonyl group uses the suffix “al”

Ketones

Must have two carbon atoms attached to the carbonyl group, uses the suffix “one”

Carboxylic Acids

Carboxylic acids contain the functional group R-COOH where R represents an alkyl group, uses the suffix “anoic acid”

Ester

Contains the functional group R-COOR' where R represents an alkyl group and R' represents a second alkyl group that may or may not be identical to the first alkyl group.

Amide

Molecules that contain nitrogen atoms connected to the carbon atom of a carbonyl group

Right

Adding more of a product or removal of a reactant shifts the equation to the _______. “Add to the left, shift to the ______”

Left

Adding more of a reactant or removal of a product shifts the equation to the ______. “Add to the right, shift to the _____.”

Less

When volume is decreased/pressure is increased, it causes the reaction to shift to whichever side has _____ moles of gas.

More

When volume is increased/pressure is decreased, it causes the reaction to shift to whichever side has _______ moles of gas.

Right

In an endothermic reaction (delta h +), adding heat causes the reaction to shift to the _____.

Left

In an exothermic reaction (delta H -), adding heat causes the reaction to shift to the _____.

Catalyst

Increases the rate of the reaction but does not effect the position of equilibrium.

Slowest Step

The rate determining step is the __________ _______.

Spontaneous

ΔS_universe > 0

Nonspontaneous

ΔS_universe < 0

Equilibrium

ΔS_universe = 0

Spontaneous

ΔG < 0

Nonspontaneous

ΔG > 0

Equilibrium

ΔG = 0