biol 2460 exam 2

mutualism

both organisms benefit ex: gut bacteria

commensalism

one organism benefits while the other is unaffected ex: skin microbiota

parasitism

one organism benefits at expense of the host ex: mycobacterium tuberculosis

alphaproteobacteria

oligotrophs (found in low nutrient environments) ex: rickettsia ssp causes rocky mountain spotted fever and chlamydia spp. which causes STD

betaproteobacteria

eutrophs thrive in nutrient-rich environments including mycelia gonorrhea and bortdetella pertusis, which causes whooping cough

how do gram negative proteobacteria move

with flagella, pili, or gliding

where are gram negative proteobacteria found

soil, water, human hosts

what are the five classes of proteobacteria

Alphaproteobacteria (Rickettsia), Betaproteobacteria (Neisseria), Gammaproteobacteria (Escherichia coli), Deltaproteobacteria (Bdellovibrio), Epsilonproteobacteria (Helicobacter pylori)

What type of metabolism do cyanobacteria perform, and why are they important

oxygenic photosynthesis and are significant because they contributed to the Great Oxygenation Event, making Earth’s atmosphere rich in oxygen.

gram negative nonproteobacteria

Spirochetes (spiral shape, axial filamen, syphilis, lyme disease),

Planctomycetes (reproduce by budding, found in water),

CFB group (found in mouth and gut) 

What are the structural components of a virus

Capsid (protein coat), genetic material (DNA or RNA), envelope (in some viruses), and spikes (for attachment to host cells)

How do bacteriophages replicate

Through the lytic cycle (host cell lysis) or the lysogenic cycle (viral DNA integrates into host genome)

What are the differences between latent and chronic viral infections

Latent infections remain dormant in host cells (Herpes simplex virus), while chronic infections persist with continuous viral production (HIV)

three laboratory methods for detecting viruses

PCR (nucleic acid amplification), ELISA (enzyme immunoassay), and Hemagglutination assay

What are prions, and what diseases do they cause?

misfolded proteins that cause neurodegenerative diseases like Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease and Mad Cow Disease

What is a retrovirus, and how does it replicate

uses reverse transcriptase to convert RNA into DNA, which integrates into the host genome like HIV

What are the differences between latent and chronic viral infections

Latent infections remain dormant in host cells (Herpes simplex virus), while chronic infections persist with continuous viral production (HIV)

What are lichens, and why are they ecologically important

a mutualistic association between fungi and algae or cyanobacteria, playing a key role in soil formation and indicating air quality

What are the major classes of fungi, and provide an example of each

Ascomycota (Penicillium), Basidiomycota (Cryptococcus), Zygomycota (Rhizopus), and Microsporidia (Enterocytozoon)

What is schizogony, and which group of protozoa uses it for reproduction

Schizogony is asexual reproduction where a single cell divides into multiple daughter cells. Apicomplexans (Plasmodium) use this method

archaea