Mushrooms Molds and Mildew Exam

What is the most common type of mushroom poisoning

Gasterointestinal irritants

What is the toxin in deadly mushrooms

Amatoxins

What is the onset time for gastrointestinal irritants

30 minutes to 3 hours

What are the symptoms are gastrointestinal irritants

nausea, vomiting, cramps, and diarrhea (symptoms usually pass after the irritant is expelled)

Alcohol Inky

Toxin - coprine

Symptoms - nausea, palpitations, and malaise

False Morels

Toxin - gyromitrin

Symptoms - headache, abdominal pain, severe diarrhea, and vomiting

Jack O’lantern

Toxin - illudin

Symptoms - nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps

Shiitake

Toxin - lentinan

Symptoms - flagelle rash

What is the deadliest mycotoxin

Aflatoxins

What foods is the deadliest mycotoxin found in

corn, peanuts, tree nuts, spices (chili powder, paprika, black pepper, and tumeric), cottonseed, dried fruits, and animal products (if the animal ingested it in its food)

What are symptoms of mycotoxins

Hallucinations, gangrene, cancer, and death

Who oversees mycotoxin regulation

manufactorers, FDA, USDA

When was chestnut blight first introduced

Bronx NY 1904 by Japanese chestnuts, by 1940 they were almost extinct

Plant Quarantine Act

Introduced in 1912 to prevent anything like the chestnut blight from happening again

How does chestnut blight kill trees

It enters through wounds, grows in and under bark, chocks off the trees flow of nutrients

What are the ecological consequences of chestnut blight

Dramatic change in the forest composition, loss of habitat and food sources for wildlide

What are the economical consequences of chestnut blight

loss of lumber (used for everything from cradle to crib), loss of tannin

What is a lichen

A lichen is an organism comprised of a fungus and an algae and/or a cyanobacterium

Ernest Haeckel

1806 - “Ecology: the relationship between organism and enviornment

Alexander Van Humbolt

Nature is an interconnected whole - a system of active forces

Simon Schwendener

Swiss botanist, in 1869 proposed the dual hypothesis of lichens - lichens are a composite of two organisms, a fungus (parasite) and an algae (slave)

Horizontal Gene Transfer

the discovery by Joshua Lederberg that bacteria acquire traits from other bacteria

Endosymbiosis

Discovered by Lynn Margulis, Eukaryote domain evolved when bacterium engulfed another bacterium and continued to live inside it

How do lichens reproduce

Asexual - fragmentation: pieces of the lichen break off, and soredia: particles of algal cells are enveloped by fungal hyphae

Sexual - fungus produce spores, spores land and germinate and hyphae grows to find right species of algae, fungus grows through alga cells and a new lichen develops

What are the two main types of mycorrhizae and what fungal phyla are associated with each

1) Endomycorrhiza - Basidiomycota & Ascomycota

2) Ectomycorrhiza - Glomeromycota

Endomycorrhiza

Penetrate cell walls

Ectomycorrhiza

Do not penetrate cell walls

Alex Shigo

Brown Rot

a type of wood decay caused by fungi that break down cellulose and hemicellulose, leaving the wood dry, brown, and crumbly. Exclusively by Basidiomycetes

White Rot

a type of wood decay caused by fungi that break down both lignin and cellulose, leaving the wood pale, soft, and fibrous.

Mycoremediation

is the use of fungi to break down or remove environmental pollutants, such as toxins, oil spills, or pesticides, by digesting or transforming them into less harmful substances.