AP World- Unit 3

Explain similarities in the following Islamic land-based empires of the 1450-1750 time period developed (what allowed them to obtain and maintain power):

-Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires: gunpowder
-Centralization: had caused strains on peasant producers and very few times caused rebellions.
-Taxation systems

Describe the unique features of the Songhai Empire (use SPICE-T characteristics):

Government: caste system
Social classes: emperor, nobles, traders, scribes, skilled workers, and slaves
Men tended fields
Women took care of household and family
Dia dynasty established in 1009, when Kossi converted to Islam
Sunni Ali helped control government later
Songhai declined in 1500's when the sultan of Moroccan invaded
The south of the niger river bend is where songhai developed
Niger river provided rich soil and and resources
Songhai empire surrounded by savanna's and plains
Cultural tradition was a mix of African and islamic tradition
Developed through SINCRETISM- Blended culture!!! Ex. TOmb of Askia- iconic islamic minaret shape, built with African style
Songhai law based off of islam law
Wrote and spoke in Arabic
Well educated people
Temples, mosques, and art was important to them
Arabia, North Africa, and West Africa were on trade route
Known for trading salt, gold, and slaves
Used shells of cowries as medium for trade

Describe the unique features of the Mughal Empire (use SPICE-T characteristics):

S:under Akbar foreigners could gain places of office
•Akbar encourages intermarriage
•Hindus receive discrimination, except from Akbar

P:•All leaders discriminate against Hindus except Akbar
•Islamic law
•political unity in India
•Babur was a great general
•diverse bureaucracy

I:•Akbar had heavy artillery

C:various languages
•religious freedom under Akbar
•book illustrations and art flourish
•Hindu literature
•architecture

E:architecture; Taj Mahal

Describe the unique features of the Ottoman Empire (use SPICE-T characteristics):

S: women lose rights
•harems
•men do fighting (patriarchal)
•young Christina boys are trained as Janissaries, keep armies loyal to sultan
•diverse religions

P:•expands for protection
•Janisarry slave army kept armies loyal to sultan
•large bureaucracy
•used guns and gunpowder
•ruled through locals in conquered lands
•Suleyman created law code, freedom of religion, desperate millets

I:•expansion located around mediterranean
•opened up Constantinople, allowed diverse population
•millets were religious communities that ruled within, but answered to Suleyman

C:•Muslims worked in army, those who were not paid small tax
•art and literature flourished
•mosque of Suleyman

E: •used guns and cannons
•powerful navy
•devshirme system
•slow to adopt innovations
•agricultural

Describe the unique features of the Safavid Empire (use SPICE-T characteristics):

S: - role of women
-- treated fairly well at its height
- religious tolerance was pretty good
- role of education
-- highly valued

P:- Empire of Timur Lenk collapsed in the early 1400s, leaving Persia and Central Asia without a clear leader
- form of gov
-- Aristocrats were elected based on merit alone
-- power of aristocrats was controlled; government corruption is avoided
- political leaders
-- amiable and available to citizens
-- Shah 'Abbas strengthened the army and trained administrators

C:- religion
-- Shia Muslim religion
--- united Turkish and Persian cultures
--- shah claimed to be spiritual leader; more loyalty from citizens
--- sunnis killed and exiled
- art
-- blend of Turkish and Persian culture brought unique elements that made art thrive
-- persian carpets were popular in the west
- good knowledge of science, medicine, and math

E:- Trade
-- bazaars
-- flourishing art led to success of trade (persian carpets popular in the west)
- Focused on manufacturing

Explain similarities in the following Asian land-based empires of the 1450-1750 time period developed (what allowed them to obtain and maintain power):

-Asian land-based Empires during 1450-1750 had public displays to legitimize their power.
-Many of the expanding empires were looking for strategies of centralization to unify them.
-The empires expanded and conquered more people and land through many military methods, such
as the use of gunpowder.
Rulers would use arts to show their political power to both their own empire and the other empires. Such art that was commonly used was monumental architecture.
Rulers would also you religious ideas to legitimize their rule, because people outside a province wouldn’t cooperate with each other and such, but having both of them sharing a common thing, religion, unification of the empire was deemed possible. (mandate of heaven)

Describe the unique features of the Ming Empire (use SPICE-T characteristics):

S - Orthodox gender roles
- records to control peasants

P - goal to eliminate all signs of foreign rule
- civil service exam
- highly centralized government
- emperor with loyal eunuch
- modernized laws
- capital at Beijing

I - Yongle (third emperor) sent six expeditions (ocean voyages to coastal territories led by Zheng He)
- Chinese sailors to port cities
- Voyages to get people in tribute system and establish superiority

C - new art, lit., music
- Neo-Confucianism
- increased literacy
- encyclopedia
- imperial residence- forbidden city
- temple of heaven (Confucianism)
- porcelain

E - tribute system: got gifts in exchange for protection
The Ming empire turned inward and started closing off; it banned oceanic shipping, heavily restricted international trade, and forcibly moved vast populations inland, away from the sea. People still traded.
- trade and expansion with the west

Describe the unique features of the Qing Empire (use SPICE-T characteristics):

-Social classes had Emperor, Shi (scholars and nobles), Nong (farmers), Gong (artisans and craftsmen), Shang (merchants, traders, shopkeepers, bankers), and Slaves
-Had stratified systems with elite, peasants, slaves
-Patriarchal society
-3 labor groups: soldiers, commoners, criminals
-In the army, women supplied and constructed, while men made up a fighting force
-Confucianism
-Foot binding from age of 3 in girls
-Upper class boys went to school, lower class workers in fields
-Zheng was 1st Divine emperor of Qing dynasty
-Established a 3 part bureaucracy, Civil, Military, and CEnserate authority
-Hu Hai lost empire
-36 provinces, established legalism
-Great wall of china was built
-TerraCotta Army
-Hemp, wheat, millet, rice were grown
-Roads linkedin army
-Mandate of Heaven
-Shi Huangdi banned religion, burned philosophical and religious books
-terraCotta army represented Honour Guard of emperor
Legalism was official philosophy
- Banders
-Focused on military expansion
-2 opium wars

Describe the unique features of the Tokugawa Shogunate (use SPICE-T characteristics):

Military dictatorship controlled by Shogun (primary ruler of Japan)
Emperor had little power
Pyramid:
Emperor (no power), Shogun (military leader),
Daimyo (feudal lords),
Samurai (warriors)
Lowest class: merchants, peasants, artisans
Shogun was selected by emperor
Lower class women: weaving
Lower class men: woodworking, charcoal making

Being military dictatorship, they controlled through force and used complex governing system in which Shogun was at top and controlled series of states in which each was controlled by daimio
Kind of like governors and a president
Swore allegiance to the Shogun and participated in Shogun’s court; advised on local events, gave council, established Shogun’s power of each of the Daimyo
250 year period of peace
Stability was very important
Tokugawa was a daimyo who wanted to strengthen the empire; kickstarter a series of modernizations
Very isolationist, particularly with arrival of third Shogun, limiting international relations in an effort to preserve structure and establish stability
(political feuds/civil war- prosperous Japan) (had necessary trade)
Neo Confucianism was very important to government structure
Largest religion: Shintoism and Buddhism
Shintoism: originated in Japan and claimedall are born fundamentally good, and evil are brought through evil spirits
Buddhism: brought to Japan through Korea, far more popular, some ceremonies and traditions required by the government
Nichiren Buddhism was centered around central Buddhism, labeled as most important and correct understanding of Buddhism
Zen Buddhism: meditation
Jodo Shinshu - resembled Christianity
Example of syncretism
Fear of Christianity, believing that it may topple the stability they established
Ieyasu expelled all Christian missionaries and outlawed all Christian practices
Cleansing and crucifixions of christians (mainly poor farmers) was a result of people still practicing christianity
- International relations and trade with other countries was limited in order to establish stability, yet trade still persisted with China, dutch, etc.
Lowest class: merchants, peasants, artisans
SamuraiSamurai were above them
Shogun was selected by emperor

Safavid - Mughal/Ottoman conflict

The Ottoman and Safavid empires were both muslim, but the Ottoman empire was sunni while the Safavid empire was Shiite. This caused conflict between the two empires along with fighting over territory, considering they bordered each other, so they went into a war called the Battle of Chaldiran.

Songhai Empire’s conflict with Morocco

The internal political chaos and multiple civil wars within the empire allowed Morocco to invade Songhai. The main reason for the Moroccan invasion was to seize control of and revive the trans-Saharan trade in salt and gold. The empire fell to the Moroccans and their firearms in 1591.

Describe how land-based empires utilized military professionals to maintain power:

They used their military by creating a centralized control over the population and resources. For instance, in the Ottomon devshirme, Young Christian boys kidnapped (age 8-18), take to the empire, converted to Islam, than trained to be Janissaries: Wealthy & powerful military soldiers. In the Salaried Samurai, the military power taken away from the Samurais and turned into salaried samurais, which meant that he began paying them to protect the land instead of them controlling their own fiefs and having their own income that way.

Explain how land-based empires utilized religious art and ideas to maintain power:

They used the legitimize their rule. For example,By conquering lands in other countries and building palaces to show their power and making their people living with them so they could not work against them. For instance, the Mexica practice of human sacrifice sacrificed people to their God to keep them under control. Aswell, many European nations used the divine right to legitimize their leaders. This divine right was granted by the Pope who was considered a messenger from God. Aswell, Those who were not part of the religion of Islam were forced to convert. Those who would not convert were exiled.

Explain how land-based empires utilized monumental architecture to maintain power:

This was used to awe and lure in people for trade. The Quing imperial portraits were used to legitimize their rule. These portraits were expensive to create and highlighted the money the emperor was able to bring in. The Incan sun temple of Cuzco : "people of the sun" had a Temple of The Sun which formed the core of Incan religion. The Mughal mausolea and mosques were Magnificent structures, Including the Taj Mahal, a temple for Akbar's wife. Furthermore, European palaces, like Versailles, A palace built by Louis XIV that became political instrument to prevent them from conducting business elsewhere, attracted and awed people.

How did land-based empires generate revenue to expand and maintain power?

They would tax their people who didn't believe what they believed or tax the farmers. For example, in the Mughal zamindar tax collection, Zamindars, or paid government officials were given a portion of the taxes paid by the local system. As for Ottoman tax farming, Rulers forced people to send money and goods to the central government. For Mexica tribute lists, it was kept to tell of those conquered who had paid tribute to the king. This form of record keeping was helpful if a human sacrifice was necessary.

Explain the Protestant Reformation and why it emerged in the decentralized Holy Roman Empire:

A religious movement that was built to make the Roman Catholic Church become a protestant church. The Protestant Reformation saw the decline of the powerful Holy Roman Empire, which was already suffering divisions over the dominance of the emperor, and was instrumental in weakening papal power in Europe as a whole.

What changes (political, social, cultural) occurred as a result of the Protestant Reformation?

They supported adult baptism, religious tolerance, separation from the church and state and allowed women ministers.The Protestant Reformation led to modern democracy, skepticism, capitalism, individualism, civil rights which are all political changes. It also increased literacy and created a passion for education which is a social and cultural change.

Explain the Sunni and Shi’a split. Why did this split intensify during the 1450-1750 time period?

The sunni and shi 'a split because the sunnie believed that only the descendent of the umayyad should rule the muslims but the shia believed that it should only be the descendent of Ali be the ruler of the muslims.

How did Christianity & Islam continue to grow in this time period? Why did beliefs in animism and nomadic lifestyle choices decline?

Islam:Towards the end of the Abbasid caliphate, the formerly vast and united Islamic empire became fragmented and decentralized.
Many different groups ruled areas previously held by the Abbasids.
Religious institutions became more defined during this period as state power waned.
Trade contributed to the spread of Islamic culture and led to a growing feeling of internationalism. (caravansary, trade, pilgrimage to mecca)
Christianisy:After Constantine conquered Byzantium in 324 CE, Christianity spread to Arabia. The main areas of Christian influence in Arabia were on the northeastern and northwestern borders and in what was to become Yemen in the south. The northwest was under the influence of Christian missionary activity from the Roman Empire, where the Ghassanids, residents of a client kingdom of the Romans, were converted to Christian.The spread of Christianity was halted in 622 CE by the rise of Islam, though the city of Mecca provided a central location for an intermingling of the two cultures. For example, in addition to the animistic idols, the pre-Islamic Kaaba housed statues of Jesus and his holy mother, Mary. (conquistadors)
These rituals and beliefs eventually evolved over time into the vast array of "developed" religions.the belief that natural species and objects had souls. With the development of private property, the descent groups were displaced by the emergence of the territorial state. Nomadism declined in the 20th century for economic and political reasons, including the spread of systematic agriculture, the growth of industry, and the policies of governments that view nomadism as incompatible with modern life.

Explain how the Russian empire changed over time between 1450-1750.

Russia entered this period (1450-1750) still under control of the Mongols, a situation that isolated Russia from many of the advancements made in Western Europe during this time. When Russians did break free from Mongol domination, they began a period of territorial expansion and government reform.Russia entered this period (1450-1750) still under control of the Mongols, a situation that isolated Russia from many of the advancements made in Western Europe during this time. When Russians did break free from Mongol domination, they began a period of territorial expansion and government reform. They embarked on an aggressive program of westernization in order to leap forward and make up for their backwardness vis-à-vis the West. The forced imposition of European culture on the people of Russia would create an identity crisis for Russians that continues to this day.