ANAPHY(3)

TISSUE

Collections of specialized cells and extracellular substances surrounding them.

EPITHELIAL TISSUE or EPITHELIUM

Covers and protects surfaces, both inside and outside the body, it protects underlying structure, it act as a barrier, it permits the passage of substances, it absorbs substances.

APICAL

Cells are exposed, not attached to other cells.

LATERAL

Cells are attached to other epithelial cells.

BASAL

At the base of the cells, it is attached to a basement membrane.

BASEMENT MEMBRANE

Helps attach the epithelial cells to the underlying tissues, It supports and guide cell migration during tissue repair.

POROUS

Allows substances to move to and from the epithelial tissue above it.

NONVASCULAR

Most metabolically active cells are close to the basement membrane.

CAPABLE OF REGENERATION

Ability to replace damaged cells with new epithelial cells.

SIMPLE EPITHELIUM

Single Layer.

STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM

More than one layer.

PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

Only one layer; appear to be two or more layer: some cells are tall and extend the free surface, others are shorter and do not extend to the free surface.

SQUAMOUS

Flat or scalelike

CUBOIDAL

Cube-Shaped

COLUMNAR

Taller than wide

SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

Sites of filtration, diffusion, site of secretion in serous membranes.

SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM AND SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

Secretion and absorption.

STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

It is the outermost layer of cells. Protecting against abrasion, barrier against infection, reduction of water from the body.

STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM

Secretion, absorption, protection against infection.

STRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

Protection, Secretion

PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

Synthesize and secrete mucous onto the free surface; move mucus (or fluid) that contains foreign particles over the surface and from passages.

TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM

In structures where considerable expansion can occur. Accommodate fluctuations in the volume of fluid in organs or tubes; protect against the caustic effect of urine.

CELL JUNCTIONS

Mechanically bind the cells together, help to form a permeability barrier, provide a mechanism for intercellular communication.

TIGHT JUNCTION

Inhibit the passage of substances between cells. It is a weblike strands of transmembrane proteins that fuse together the outer surfaces of adjacent plasma membrane.

ADHERENS JUNCTION

Help epithelial surfaces resist separation during various contractile activities.

PLAQUE

Dense layer of proteins on the inside of the plasma membrane, attaches to both membrane proteins and to microfilaments of the cytoskeleton.

DESMOSOME

Prevent epidermal cells from separating under tension and cardiac muscles from pulling apart during contraction. It attaches to intermediate filaments.

HEMIDESMOSOME

Anchor cells to the basement membrane.

GAP JUNCTION

Allows the cells in a tissue to communicate with one another; enable nerve or muscle impulses to spread rapidly among cells.

CONNEXINS

Form tiny fluid-filled tunnels called connexons that connects neighboring cells.

GLANDS

Are secretory organs, develop from an infolding or outfolding of epithelium in the embryo.

EXOCRINE GLANDS

Either multicellular or unicellular glands.

MULTICELLULAR

Classified according to structure of ducts.

SIMPLE GLANDS

Single, nonbranched duct.

BRANCHED

Multiple secretory regions that branch of the duct.

COMPOUND GLANDS

Multiple, branched ducts.

TUBULAR

Straight or coiled.

ACINAR OR ALVEOLAR

Saclike structures.

TUBULOACINAR or TUBULOALVEOLAR

Combination

MEROCRINE GLAND

Most common; release energy of products by exocytosis.

APOCRINE GLAND

Release of secretory products as pinched-off fragments of the gland cells.

HOLOCRINE

Involves shedding of entire cells.

MILK-PRODUCING MAMMARY GLANDS

Release milk by a combination of apocrine and mostly merocrine.

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Enclosing and separating other tissues, connecting tissue to one another, supporting and moving parts of the body, storing compounds, cushioning and insulating, transporting and protecting.

OSTEO-BLAST

Create the matrix.

OSTEO-CYTES

Maintaining

OSTEO-CLASTS

Break it down for remodeling.

ADIPOCYTES

Abundant in loose connective tissues.

ADIPOSE CELLS

Contains large amount of lipid.

MAST CELLS

Important role in inflammation, contain chemicals such as heparin, histamine, proteolytic enzymes, released in response to injury.

WHITE BLOOD CELLS

Leukocytes, continuously move from blood vessels into CT.

MACROPHAGES

Protecting against infection.

PLATELETS

Important in the clotting process to reduce bleeding.

COLLAGEN FIBER

Consists of protein collagen.

COLLAGEN

Most abundant protein in the body.

RETICULAR FIBER

Very short, thin fibers that branch to form a network, fill spaces between tissues and organs.

ELASTIC FIBER

Consists of protein elastin, has the ability to return to its original shape after being stretched or compressed, giving tissue an elastic quality.

GROUND SUBSTANCE

Consists of nonfibrous molecules.

HYALURONIC ACID

Gives a very slippery quality to the fluids that contain good lubricant for joint cavities.

PROTEOGLYCANS

Trap large quantities of water, allows then to return to original shape when compressed or deformed.

MESENCHYME

Irregularly shaped; the extracellular matrix is abundant and contains scattered reticular fibers.

LOCATION: embryonic tissue from which connective tissues, as well as other tissues, arise.

MUCOUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Is mesenchymal tissue that remains unspecialized; the extracellular matrix is abundant and contains scattered reticular fibers.

LOCATION: umbilical cord of new born.

MUCOUS CT or WHARTON’S JELLY

Help support the umbilical cord blood vessels between the mother and the child. After birth, it can also be a rich source of stem cells.

LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Consists of relatively few protein fibers that form a lacy network, with numerous spaces filled with ground substance and fluid.

AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Loose packing, support, and nourishment for the structures with which it is associated.

ADIPOSE TISSUE

Packing material, thermal insulation, energy storage, and protection of organs against injury from being bumped.

LOCATION: predominantly in subcutaneous areas, in mesenteries, in renal pelvis, around kidneys, attached to the surface of the colon, in mammary glands, in loose connective tissue that penetrates spaces and crevices.

YELLOW ADIPOSE

The most abundant, appears white at birth, turns yellow with age.

BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE

Specialized generate heat; regulating body temperature in newborns.

RETICULAR TISSUE

Fine network of reticular fibers irregularly, provides a superstructure for lymphatic and hemopoletic tissues.

LOCATION: within the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow.

DENSE REGULAR COLLAGENOUS CONNECTIVE TISSUES

Matrix composed of collagen fibers running in somewhat the same direction, able to withstand great pulling forces exerted in the direction of fiber orientation; great tensile strength and stretch resistance.

DENSE REGULAR ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Matrix composed of regularly arranged collagen fibers and elastic fibers, able to stretch and recoll like a rubber band, with strength in the direction of fiber orientation.

LOCATION: vocal folds and elastic ligaments between the vertebrae and along the dorsal aspect of neck.

DENSE IRREGULAR COLLAGENOUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Matrix composed of collagen fibers that run in all directions, tensile strength capable of withstanding stretching in all directions.

DENSE IRREGULAR ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Matrix composed of bundles and sheets of collagenous and elastic fibers oriented in multiple directions. Capable of strength, with stretching and recoll in several directions.

PERICHONDRIUM

Dense irregular CT; surrounds the surface of nearly all cartilage.

FIBROUS LAYER

Protect, strengthen, provide framework for the cartilage.

CHONDROGENIC LAYER

Crucial for cartilage growth and repair.

HYALINE CARTILAGE

Large amount of both collagen fibers and proteoglycan, involved in growth that increases length of bones.

ELASTIC CARTILAGE

Numerous elastic fibers in addition to collagen proteoglycans, has perichondrium.

FIBROCARTILAGE

Has more collagen fibers than proteoglycans. Help absorb shocks and prevent bone to bone abrasion.

BONE

A hard connective tissue, consists of living cell and mineralized matrix.

BONE MATRIX

Has organic and inorganic portions.

ORGANIC

Consists of proteins fibers(primarily collagen), and others.

INORGANIC

Consists of specialized crystals called hydroxyapatite( contains calcium and phosphate).

OSTEOCYTES

Can repair itself much more readily than cartilage.

SPONGY BONE

Has spaces between trabeculae, or plates of bone, acts as scaffolding to provide strength and support without the greater weight of compact bone.

COMPACT BONE

More solid; almost no space between many thin layers, or lamellae, it provides great strength and support, forms a solid outer shell on bones that keeps them from being easily broken or punctured.

BLOOD CELLS

Move freely within a liquid matrix.

HEMOPOIETIC TISSUE

Forms the blood cells, found in bone marrow.

RED MARROW

Produces red and white blood cells, platelets. Produces new blood cells.

YELLOW MARROW

Does not produce blood cells, stores lipids.

SKELETAL MUSCLE

Enables the body to move.

CARDIAC MUSCLE

Muscle of the heart, responsible for pumping blood.

SMOOTH MUSCLE

Forms the walls of hollow organs(except the heart).

NERVOUS TISSUE

Ability to conduct electrical signals called action potentials.

NEURONS OR NERVE CELLS

Transport electrical signal throughout the body.

CELL BODY

Contains the nucleus, site of general cell function.

DENDRITES

Receive action potentials.

AXONS

Conducts action potentials away from the cell body.

MULTIPOLAR NEURONS

Have multiple dendrites and a single axon.

BIPOLAR NEURONS

Single dendrite and an axon.