Exam 3 BIO 181

DNA

Each nucleotide has deoxyribose as its carbohydrate

RNA

Each nucleotide has ribose as its carbohydrate

Gene

Sequence of nitrogenous bases in DNA that codes for RNA

Nucleic Acid

polymer of nucelotides

Nucleotide

made of circle phosphate pentagonal carbohydrate and hexagonal nitrogenous base

Protein

large molecule composed of 1 or more folded polymers of amino acids folded into a complex structure

Polymer chain

Amino Acids + Covalent bonds

Folded Polymer

Polymer chain + Hydrogen bonds

Gene Expression

Process by which a cell uses info encoded in a gene to produce proteins

DNA Makeup

Cytosine and Guanine

Adenine and Thymine

RNA Makeup

Cytosine and Guanine

Adenine and Uracil

Nucleus

Membrane band region of a cell containing most of its genes

Messenger RNA

Molecule of RNA that codes for a sequence of amino acids

RNA Polymerase

Enzyme that uses DNA to produce a molecule of RNA with complementary sequence of nucleotides

Promoter

Region of DNA where RNA polymerase can bind to initiate transcription

Transcription

Process in which an enzyme uses DNA to produce a molecule of RNA with complementary sequence of nucleotides in the nucleus

Translation

Process by which a cell uses mRNA to produce a polymer of amino acids outside of nucleus

Codon

Sequence of 3 nucleotides that code for a specific amino acid

Genetic Code

Set of codons that correspond to amino acids of proteins

Cytoplasm

Fluid in region between nucleus and cell membrane

Ribosome

Complex of RNA and proteins that translate mRNA into a polymer of amino acids

Transfer RNA

Molecule of RNA that transports an amino acid to a ribosome

Transcription Factor

Protein that affects the probability that RNA polymerase will transcribe a gene

Activatore

Protein that increases probability of transcription

Repressor

Protein that decreases probability of transcription

1st and 2nd step of Translation

Ribosome binds with mRNA and begins translation when start codon is detected

3rd step of translation

Molecule of tRNA with appropriate anticodon binds to codon of mRNA

4th step of translation

Ribosome catalyzes reactions that form peptide bonds between amino acids

5th step of translation

Ribosome releases molecule of tRNA after transferring an amino acid to growing peptide

6th step of translation

Ribosome moves along mRNA 1 codon at a time

7th step of translation

Ends when ribosome encounters stop codon on mRNA

8th step of translation

Ribosome release amino acids and dissociates

Regulatory Element

Region of DNA where transcription factor can bind

Operon

Region of DNA containing cluster of genes controlled by a single promoter

Temperature

Measure of mean kinetic energy of a system

Effector

Component that affects the value of the regulated variable directly

Sensor

detects a change in the value of the regulated variable

Integrator

Combines information from the sensors and activates a component that changes the value of regulated variable