Motivation

Which explanation illustrates the circular reasoning that weakened instinct theory?

People fight because they have a fighting instinct, and their fighting proves that the instinct exists.

Which statement best describes contemporary motivation science?

People are naturally active, and focused theories explain how biological, cognitive, emotional, and social processes organize their activity.

Two students spend the same amount of time studying. One studies out of curiosity, whereas the other studies because of guilt. Which aspect of motivation differs most clearly between them?

Quality

Which example best illustrates the interaction between personal dispositions and contextual factors?

A student’s interest in science develops into sustained effort when supportive instructors and courses are available.

Why can describing a student as “unmotivated” be misleading?

The student may be motivated by a competing goal or by a desire to avoid failure.

What was the primary limitation of will theory?

It named choice and striving as causes without explaining how they operated.

Which behavior presents the clearest challenge to drive-reduction theory?

Choosing to solve a difficult puzzle because the challenge is enjoyable

A student feels hungry, wants something to eat, and decides to prepare dinner. How should these experiences be classified?

Hunger is a need, wanting food is a desire, and preparing dinner is a goal.

Which statement best reflects the contemporary definition of motivation?

Motivation is a dynamic process that energizes and directs behavior toward goals.

How did Freud’s and Hull’s drive theories differ?

Freud rejected tension reduction, whereas Hull viewed it as the aim of all behavior.