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Chps 13 + 14
Absorption, Distribution, Elimination
What are the 3 stages of alcohol in the human body?
30-90
For an average human drinking on an empty to modestly full stomach, alcohol is absorbed entirely into bloodstream ______ minutes after completion of drinking
2-4
When drinking on a full stomach, the absorption time can be as long as ____ hours
longer; lower
The _____ the time for complete absorption to occur, the _____ will be the peak alcohol in the blood for a given number of drinks
Brain, cerebrospinal fluid, vitreous humor
What are other watery portions of the body that can be used to determine alcohol levels if blood is not available?
Oxidation and Excretion
What 2 processes help accomplish elimination of alcohol throughout the body?
Oxidation
Takes place almost entirely in liver'
Enzymes convert alcohol first to acetaldehyde, then to acetic acid, then converted into carbon dioxide and water
The 2 enzymes are called alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase
5%
What percentage of alcohol is excreted unchanged in the breath, urine, and perspiration?
0.10%
If blood alcohol concentration is defined as percent weight per volume, then what is the BAC equivalent to 0.10 grams per 100 milliliters of blood?
0.015%/hr
Although it varies, what is the reasonable average of the elimination or “burn-off” rate of alcohol?
Blood concentration
Experimental evidence has verified that the amount of alcohol exhaled in the breath is in direct proportion to the ____________ and is directly proportional to alcohol in brain
0.08%
What is the current legal measure of BAC for drunk driving?
2100 : 1
What is the ratio of alcohol in the blood compared to alcohol in alveolar breath?
No
Are portable, handheld, roadside breath testers used to determine a preliminary breath-alcohol content admissible in court proceedings as proof of intoxication?
Gas Chromatography
What method of testing offers a toxicologist the most widely used approach for determining alcohol levels in blood in forensic labs?
anticoagulant; preservative
Once removed from body, blood is best preserved when sealed in an airtight container after an ______ and a ________ have been added and stored in a refrigerator
Decline
Failure to properly preserve blood removed from living individuals may result in a _____ of the blood alcohol level
Implied Consent Law
A law that every state has adopted to prevent a refusal to take a test for alcohol consumption
Law states that the operation of a motor vehicle on a public highway must either consent to a test for alcohol consumption, or lose their license for some designated period
Schmerber v. CA
What court case resulted in the Supreme Court deciding that the taking of blood samples was not protected by the 5th amendment?
MO v. McNeely
Court case where Supreme Court ruled that police should obtain a search warrant prior to the drawing of a person’s blood for alcohol testing
Screening and Confirmation
What are the 2 steps for identifying abused drugs?
Gas Chromatography
Thin-Layer Chromatography
Immunoassay
What are some of the most widely used screening tests?
Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS)
What test is generally accepted as the confirmation test of choice?
True
The concentration of a drug in urine is a poor indicator of influence from drug, but is stronger as evidence showing previous use
Hair
What part of the body can be used as a historical marker for delineating drug intake as it continues to grow?
Carbon Monoxide
What is one of themost common poisons encountered in forensic labs?
3-5 months
It usually takes how many months in a training program for an officer to be certified as a drug recognition expert (DRE)?
Trace Elements
Many manufactured products and even most natural materials contain small quantities of elements that are present in concentrations of less than 1%. These elements can provide “invisible” markers that may establish the type and source of origin of a material
Emission Spectrograph
Vaporizes and heats samples to a high temperature so that the atoms present in the material achieve an “excited” state, which will emit light
The energy difference between 2 orbitals
In the equation E = hf, what is the meaning of E?
A universal constant; Planck’s constant
In the equation E = hf, what is the meaning of h?
Frequency
In the equation E = hf, what is the meaning of f?
Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrophotometry (ICP)
The sample, in the form of aerosol, is introduced into a hot plasma, creating charged particles that emit light of characteristic wavelengths corresponding to teh identity of the elements present
Alpha Particles
Beta Particles
Gamma Rays
Unstable nuclei undergo radioactive decay by emitting?
Alpha Particles
2 protons + 2 neutrons
Beta Particles
Electron emitted when neutron converted to proton
Gamma Rays
High energy electromagnetic radiation
Automobile
______ manufacturers normally apply a variety of coatings:
Electrocoat primer (black to gray)
Primer surfacer (various polymers and colors)
Basecoat (main color pigments dissolved in polymer, possibly with metal oxides or aluminum flakes)
Clearcoat (various clear polymers)
Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography and Infrared Spectrophotometry
What are 2 invaluable techniques for distinguishing most paint binder formulations, adding more significance to forensic paint comparison?
True
When a transfer of paint occurs in hit-and-run situations uncontaminated reference paint must always be collected from an undamaged area of the car that’s in close proximity to the damaged area
Paper druggist folds, glass or plastic vials
Which containers are the best choice for paint?
1,000
There are over how many distinguishable soil colors?
Forensic Geologists
These officials will characterize and compare the mineral content of soils
100
Standard/Reference soils are to be collected at various intervals within a ____ foot radius of teh crime scene, as well as the site of the crime, for comparison of the questioned soil
