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Amendment guarantees the freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, and petition.

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right to bear arms

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this amendment protects against self-incrimination and double jeopardy. ensures due process

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Amendment prohibiting unreasonable searches and seizures, implied right to privacy. The question regarding this amendment is always, what is more important, individual liberties or ensured safety? Exclusionary Rule!!!

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right to an attorney even if you can’t afford one, also include the right to a speedy and public trial, the right to an impartial jury, the right to be informed what they are being charged with

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cruel and unusual punishment

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selective incorporation: the application of the Bill of Rights to the states through the Amendment's Due Process Clause. Equal protection

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abolition of slavery

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voting for all men; prohibition of the denial of the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

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legalized the federal income tax

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direct election of senators: established the direct election of Senators by the people

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women’s suffrage

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2 term limit per president

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VP becomes president if president has to step down or die

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abolished poll taxes

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any power not given to the federal government explicitly is reserved for the states

Marbury v. Madison

established the principle of judicial review. This allowed the Supreme Court to decide the constitutionality of actions.

McCulloch v. Maryland

in a dispute between state and federal authority, this case ruled that the Federal government had supremacy over states, when dealing with FEDERAL issues. State issues though, within the state, remained under the authority of the state.

Schenck v. United States

1st amendment rights are not absolute, in the event that language creates a clear and present danger to the welfare of the public

Brown v. Board of Education

ended the practice of legal segregation in public education.

Baker v. Carr

gerrymandering is legal and can be influenced by a variety of factors, including race

Engel v. Vitale

establishment clause, prayer in public school is illegal. Cannot force a religion on citizens in the public sector.

Gideon v. Wainwright

right to an attorney

Tinker v. Des Moines

freedom of expression (students wearing armbands to protest the Vietnam War)** Protesting is protected, even for horrible groups, as long as they are not creating public problem***

NY Times v. United States

issues with prior restraint. Government cannot regulate the media

Wisconsin v. Yoder

exercise clause

Shaw v. Reno

gerrymandering concerns and that redistricting cannot be focused solely on race.

United States v. Lopez

Congress attempted to limit the 2nd amendment, after challenging the ruling, the Supreme Court ruled that the commerce clause could not be used to circumvent the Bill of Rights.

McDonald v. Chicago

an attempt to prevent citizens from owning handguns. The Supreme Court ruled that states can limit, but eliminate a person’s ability to be protected by a constitutional right.

Citizens United v. Federal Elections Commission

The Supreme Court ruled that corporations have the same first amendment rights as citizens and have the ability to influence elections, donating to PACs and SuperPacs the same as individual citizens.