Quizlet Exam 2

•Stress

A state manifested by symptoms that arise from the

coordinated activation of the neuroendocrine and immune systems (general adaptation syndrome)

•Stress A state manifested by a specific syndrome of the body

body developed in response to any stimuli that made an intense systemic demand on it

Adaptation The ability to respond to

challenges of physical or psychological homeostasis and to return to a balanced state

Stress is a contributor to a variety of individual physical and mental challenges and societal problems

Stressors affect health and many people report having at least one symptom of stress (headache, anxiety, depression

Stress may contribute directly to the production or exacerbation of a disease, or it may

contribute to the development of behaviors such as smoking, overeating, and drug abuse that increase the risk of disease

Manifestations of stress response are strongly influenced by

both the nervous and endocrine systems

Physiological stress response is responsible for the

maintenance of homeostasis in the presence of real or perceived challenges

Long-term stress is ______ but short-term stress can be_______

generally harmful, protective as it prepares the body to deal with challenges

The adaptive purpose of a physiological stress response is to

to promote survival during fight or flight

Stress - the experience in which a person

experiences changes in normal homeostasis

Stressor - any event or stimulus that

causes the individual to experience stress

The brain is the central organ of

stress and adaptation to stress

•Perceives and determines what is threatening

•Determines the behavioral and physiological responses to the stressor

•Promotes adaptation ("allostasis")

•Contributes to pathophysiology ("allostatic load/overload") when overused and dysregulated

Stress response is Caused by any physical or psychological stimuli

that disrupts homeostasis

Stress response Mediated by a complex interplay of

nervous, endocrine, and immune mechanisms that involves activation of the sympathetic-adreno-medullar (SAM) axis, the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and immune system

Adaptive - prepares the body to

handle the challenges presented by an internal or external environmental challenge (stressor)

If the exposure to a stressor is actually or perceived as intense, repetitive (repeated acute stress), or prolonged (chronic stress), the stress response becomes

maladaptive and detrimental to physiology

•Can cause maladaptive reactions including depression, anxiety, cognitive impairment, and heart disease

Homeostasis is the purposeful maintenance

of a stable internal environment

Interactions require that a level of homeostasis (constancy) be maintained during the changes that occur in the internal and external environments

homeostasis Requires feedback control systems that

regulate cellular function and integrate the function of the different body systems

Homeostasis maintains the established internal environment

without being overcome by external stimuli that exist to disrupt the balance

Physiologic processes opposing change operates by negative feedback mechanisms

•A sensor detects a change

•An integrator/comparator sums and compares incoming data with set point

The effector system returns the sensed function to within the range of the set point

Constancy in an open system which requires

mechanisms that act to maintain this constancy

Constancy Steady-state conditions require that any tendency toward change automatically

meet with factors resisting change

•The regulating system determining homeostatic state consists of various operating mechanisms acting simultaneously

•Homeostasis does not occur by chance but is the result of organized self-government

•Body's ability to function and maintain homeostasis under conditions of change in the internal and external environment

•Depends on thousands of physiologic control systems that regulate body function

•Consists of a collection of interconnected components that function to keep a physical or chemical parameter of the body relatively constant

•Regulates cellular function, controls life processes, and integrates functions of the different organ systems

Stress Response -

control systems that mediate the physical, emotional, and behavioral reactions to stressors

Negative Feedback Systems

•When the monitored function or value decreases below the set point of the system, the feedback mechanism causes the function or value to increase

•When the function or value is increased above the set point, the feedback mechanism causes it to decrease

Stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome (Selye)

alarm stage, resistance stage, exhaustion stage

Alarm Stage

•Generalized stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system and the HPA (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal) axis resulting in release of catecholamines and cortisol (fight or flight response)

•Increase of vital signs

Resistance Stage

•Body selects the most effective and economic channels of defense

•Attempt to resist or adapt to stressors

Exhaustion Stage

•Resources are depleted, and signs of "wear and tear" appear - weakens immune system

•May see hypertension, depression, burnout, anxiety, illness, heart attacks

Hans Selye

endocrinologist who was the first to describe a group of specific anatomic changes that occurred in rats that were exposed to a variety of different experimental stimuli, he came up with these stages for general adaptation syndrome

Neuroendocrine Responses Integrates signals received through

the bloodstream

The immune system both affects and is affected by

the stress response

Release of neurohormones include the

•mobilization of energy, a sharpened focus and awareness, increased cerebral blood flow and glucose utilization, enhanced cardiovascular and respiratory functioning, redistribution of blood flow to the brain and muscles, modulation of the immune response, inhibition of reproductive function, and a decrease in appetite

The stress response increases the probability

of survival and acute response

neuroendocrine response brings the body back to a stable state and is turned off

when the challenge to homeostasis abates

Neural responses and the hormones that are released during the response

do not persist long enough to cause damage to vital tissues under normal circumstances

Locus Coeruleus (LC) is the Nucleus in the pons of the brainstem involved with

physiological responses to stress and panic

•Part of the reticular activating system

Locus Coeruleus (LC) Principal site for

brain synthesis of norepinephrine

The LC and the areas affected by norepinephrine are described as the

LC-NE system

Norepinephrine is also released directly into the blood from the adrenal medulla

This stress reaction of the sympathetic nervous system is termed the "fight or flight" response

Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (CRF)

promotes the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (CRF) Hypothalamic peptide hormone that acts on the

anterior pituitary gland to stimulate the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) which regulates the synthetic/secretory activity of the adrenal cortex

Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (CRF)

•Important in neuroendocrine response to stress

•Stimulates adrenal gland to synthesize and secrete glucocorticoid hormones - mediate stress response

Cortisol maintains

•blood glucose levels, suppresses osteoblast activity, hematopoiesis, collagen synthesis, and immune responses

•Protects against the effects of a stressor and focuses energy on regaining balance in the face of an acute challenge to homeostasis

•Angiotensin II (ANG II)

•Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

•Stress hormone that participates in various stress-induced responses, including sympathetic and neuroendocrine responses

•During stress-exposure, ANG II increases in the plasma and in the brain

Many other hormones are responsive to stressful stimuli

growth hormone, thyroid hormone, and reproductive hormones

In females - stress and severe trauma can cause

menstrual irregularities, anovulation, and amenorrhea

In males - stress can decrease

spermatogenesis, ejaculatory disorders, decreased levels of testosterone, and cause infertility

Prolonged presence of cortisol leads to suppression of

growth hormone - causes failure to thrive in children

Stress-induced cortisol secretion

decreases levels of TSH

•TSH helps conserve energy during stress

Immunity is affected by biological stress responses that can be induced by

psychological, physiological, or physical (including exercise) stressors

Short-term stress experienced during immune activation enhances

innate/primary and adaptive/secondary immune responses

Immuno-enhancement include changes in

dendritic cell, neutrophil, macrophage, and lymphocyte trafficking, maturation, and function as well as local and systemic production of cytokines (chemical messengers)

Long term stress suppresses or dysregulates innate and adaptive immune responses by

altering the cytokine balance, inducing low-grade chronic inflammation, and suppressing numbers, trafficking, and function of immune protective cells

Chronic stress increases susceptibility

to some types of cancer

Stress can reduce the number of

natural killer cells or lymphocytes in the body, which are needed to fight viruses

Stress can cause the immune system to produce an

inflammatory response, which can be temporarily beneficial for fighting germs

if inflammation is persistent and widespread, it can

contribute to chronic diseases

Chronic stress can produce higher-than-normal levels of

cortisol which hampers anti-inflammatory response and cause continual infections

Coping

Managing external and internal demands that are taxing or exceeding our resources and causing stress

Adaptation

Capacity to survive and flourish in the face of adversity and achieve homoeostasis

Balance achieved by

coping strategies or coping mechanisms

Coping Mechanisms

•Emotional and behavioral responses to manage threats to physiologic and psychological homeostasis

•How we cope with stressful events depends on how we perceive and interpret the event

Stress response is meant to be

be acute (time limited)

•Chronicity of the response is disruptive to physical and mental health

Stressors can be classified as

acute, chronic intermittent, or chronic sustained

Acute stressor

occurs over a short time and does not recur

The frequency or chronicity of circumstances to which the body is asked to respond often

determines the availability and efficiency of the stress responses

Response of the immune system are more rapid and efficient on

second exposure to a pathogen than it is on first exposure

•Chronic exposure to a stressor can fatigue the system and impair its effectiveness

Effects of Acute Stress Effects settle quickly but can last for

several days or weeks

Reactions to acute stress are those associated with the

ANS, the fight-or-flight response

Acute Stress Events are usually severe, and a reaction occurs

after an unexpected life crisis - Ex: serious accident, sudden bereavement, sexual assault, domestic violence, or other traumatic event

Symptoms of acute stress reactions may include the following

•Psychological symptoms - anxiety, low mood, irritability, emotional ups and downs, poor sleep, poor concentration, wanting to be alone

•Recurrent dreams or flashbacks, which can be intrusive and unpleasant

•Avoidance of anything that will trigger memories

•Reckless or aggressive behavior that may be self-destructive

•Feeling emotionally numb and detached from others

(acute stress) The physical symptoms are caused

by stress hormones, such as adrenaline (epinephrine)

acute stress physical symptoms

•Heart palpitations

•Nausea

•Chest pain

•Pounding headaches

•Abdominal pains

•Breathing difficulties

•Moist skin

•Stiff neck

chronicity and excessive activation of the stress response can result from chronic illnesses

Contributes to the development of long-term health problems

chronic stress Linked to a myriad of health disorders

diseases of the cardiovascular, GI, immune, and neurologic systems, as well as depression, chronic alcoholism and drug abuse, eating disorders, accidents, and suicide

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is Disabling syndrome caused by the

chronic activation of the stress response as a result of experiencing a significant traumatic event

causes of PTSD

include war, and major catastrophic events such as weather-related disasters, airplane crashes, terrorist bombings, rape or child abuse

In the U.S., the most frequently reported traumatic events include

physical/sexual assaults and accidents

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Increases risk for development of

major depression, panic disorders, generalized anxiety disorders, and substance abuse

PTSD May develop physical symptoms and illnesses such as

hypertension, asthma, and chronic pain syndromes

Characteristics of PTSD

intrusion, avoidance, hyperarousal

intrusion

the occurrence of "flashbacks" during waking hours or nightmares in which the event is relived, often in vivid and frightening detail

avoidance

the emotional numbing that accompanies this disorder and disrupts important personal relationships

Hyperarousal

presence of increased irritability, difficulty concentration, an exaggerated startle reflex, and increased vigilance and concern over safety

Treatment Modalities for Stress

•Help avoid coping behaviors that impose a risk to health

•Provide alternative stress-reducing strategies

•Purposeful priority setting and problem solving

•Nonpharmacologic methods of stress reduction

Nonpharmacologic Methods of Stress Reduction

•Relaxation techniques

•Guided imagery

•Music therapy

•Massage

•Biofeedback

cancer is a leading cause of

death worldwide

Most common cancers are

breast, lung, colon & rectum, and prostate

1/3 of deaths from cancer are due to

tobacco use, high body mass index, alcohol consumption, low fruit and vegetable intake, and lack of physical activity

Cancer-causing infections, such as

HPV and hepatitis, are responsible for approx. 30% of cancer cases in low-income countries

which cancer causing infections are responsible for 30% of cancer cases in low income countries?

HPV and Hepatitis

can cancers be cured?

Many cancers can be cured if detected early and treated effectively

Cancer is a generic term for a large group

of diseases that can affect any part of the body

other terms that are used for cancer

malignant tumor and neoplasm

One defining feature of cancer is the

rapid creation of abnormal cells that grow beyond their usual boundaries

•which can then invade adjoining parts of the body and spread to other organs (metastasis)

metastasis

The spread of cancer cells beyond their original site

what is the primary cause of death from cancer?

Widespread metastases

Widespread metastases are the?

primary cause of death from cancer