1. BRIEF HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY

LUCRETIUS & GIROLAMO FRACASTORO

who suggested that diseases were caused by “invisible living creatures.”

GIROLAMO FRACASTORO

Wrote a book about contagion and contagious disease

“contagion”

in contagion theory scientists had the idea that diseases were caused by something that they called that time ______________

“fomites”

According to GIROLAMO FRACASTORO, diseases can be transferred from one thing to another, they called that the ____________

GIROLAMO FRACASTORO

who first coined the term syphilis

“french disease”

GIROLAMO FRACASTORO also described syphilis as?

HIPPOCRATES

stated that no diseases are not from supernatural causes but natural causes

FRANCESCO STELLUTI

Made the earliest observations on bees and weevils using a microscope supplied by Galileo.

ROBERT HOOKE

Reported to the world that life’s smallest structural units were “little boxes,” or “cells”

ROBERT HOOKE

he first observed the blood cell, it is said that it is the same with the animal cell. thus it marked the beginning of cell theory

Micrographia

what is the name of the book that Robert Hooke published?

ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK

Considered as the “first true microbiologist”

ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK

Made detailed drawings of “animalcules” in rainwater, in his own feces, and in material scraped from his teeth.

wee beasties

animalcules aka?

ANIMALCULES

Tiny iving and moving cells

Aristotle

who was the first to propose spontaneous generation?

SPONTANEOUSGENERATION

Believed that some life forms could arise spontaneously from non-living matter.

ARISTOTLE

Mentioned that simple invertebrates could arise from spontaneous generation.

Louis Pasteur.

spontaneous generation was proven wrong until the time of?

FRANCESCO REDI

Demonstrate that maggots did not arise spontaneously from decaying meat (1668)

FRANCESCO REDI

Father of experimental biology

JOHN NEEDHAM

Observed that a boiled mutton broth eventually became cloudy after pouring it into a flask that was then sealed tightly

JOHN NEEDHAM

Claimed that microbes developed spontaneously from the fluids.

LAZZARO SPALLANZANI

Suggested that microorganisms from the air probably had entered Needham's solutions after they were boiled

LAZZARO SPALLANZANI

proposed that air carried microorganisms to the culture medium

ANTON LAURENT LAVOISIER

Showed the importance of oxygen to life.

RUDOLF VIRCHOW

Challenged the case for spontaneous generation with the concept of biogenesis.

RUDOLF VIRCHOW

He started the study of Histology, he observed that living cells are from pre-existing living cells, they are not from non-living matter.

BIOGENESIS

Living cells can arise only from pre-existing living cells.

THEODOR SCHWANN

Observed that no growth occurred in a flask that contained a nutrient solution after allowing the air to pass through a heated tube. The idea of Aseptic technique is slowly emerging

HEINRICH SCHRODER & THEODORE VON DUSCH

Noticed that no growth occurred after allowing the air to pass through a sterile cotton wool placed on a flask of heat-sterilized medium.

LOUIS PASTEUR

who disproved the doctrine of spontaneous generation

LOUIS PASTEUR

demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air and can contaminate sterile solutions, but that air itself does not create microbes. It’s not the air that creates microbes, it’s just the place where they thrive but it is not where they arise from.

ASEPTIC TECHNIQUES

techniques that prevent contamination by unwanted microorganisms, which are now the standard practice in laboratory and many medical procedures

JOHN TYNDALL

Showed that dust carry germs that could contaminate a sterile broth

TYNDALLIZATION

is a form of sterilization in the 19th century that uses moist heat for 3 consecutive days to eradicate vegetative cells and endospores

FERDINAND COHN

Discovered that there are bacteria that could withstand a series of heating and boiling because of heat resistant structures known as endospores.

THEODOR SCHWANN

stated that yeast cells are responsible for the conversion of sugars to alcohol

LOUIS PASTEUR

Stated Souring and spoilage are caused by different microorganisms called bacteria; in the presence of air, bacteria change the alcohol in the beverage into vinegar (acetic acid

LOUIS PASTEUR

Found that microorganisms called yeasts convert the sugars to alcohol in the absence of air: FERMENTATION

GERM THEORY OF DISEASE

Microorganisms might have relationships with plants and animals---specifically, that microorganisms might cause disease

AGOSTINO BASSI

had proved that another silkworm disease was caused by a fungus.

IGNAZ SEMMELWEIS

father of hand disinfection

IGNAZ SEMMELWEIS

demonstrated that routine hand washing can prevent the spread of disease

JOSEPH LISTER

● introduced the system of antiseptic surgery in Britain

● applied the germ theory to medical procedures

● began treating surgical wounds with a phenol solution

● pioneered in promoting among surgeons handwashing before and after an operation, the wearing of gloves, sterilization of surgical instruments.

ROBERT KOCH

First to show irrefutable proof that bacteria indeed cause disease

Bacillus anthracis

Robert Kock discovered _______________ in the blood of cattle that had died of anthrax (1876)

ROBERT KOCH

first to cultivate bacteria on boiled potatoes, gelatin, meat extracts and protein

ROBERT KOCH

Discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis

FANNYHESSE

suggested the use of agar, a solidifying agent, in the preparation of the culture media

JULIUS RICHARD PETRI

developed the Petri Dish, which is a circular glass or plastic plate for holding the culture media.

MARTINS BEIJERINK & SERGEIWINOGRADSKY

developed the enrichment-culture technique and the use of selective media

EDWARD JENNER

introduced the concept of vaccination

Variolation

practice done before the birth of the concept of vaccination.

Inhibitory media and Selective media

ENUMERATE

types of culture media

LOUIS PASTEUR & PIERRE PAUL EMILE ROUX

made a series of experiments to produced attenuated strains of bacteria

PASTEUR

who used the term vaccine for an attenuated culture

CHARLES CHAMBERLAND

created a porcelain bacterial filter and developed the anthrax vaccine together with Pasteur

EMIL VON BEHRING

prepared anti toxins for diphtheria and tetanus

ELIE METCHNIKOFF

first to described the immune system cells and the process of phagocytosis

CHEMOTHERAPY

chemical treatment of non-infectious diseases, such as cancer

ANTIBIOTICS

chemicals produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to act against other microorganisms.

SYNTHETIC DRUGS

chemotherapeutic agents prepared from chemicals in the laboratory

PAUL EHRLICH

speculated about a “bullet" that could hunt down and destroy a pathogen without harming the infected host

Salvarsan (Arsphenamine)

Paul Ehrlich found a chemotherapeutic agent called ___________, which is an arsenic derivative effective against syphilis

SELMAN WAKSMAN

discovered streptomycin and neomycin antibiotics

SELMAN WAKSMAN

regarded as “Father o fAntibiotics” by some historians.

ALEXANDER FLEMING

accidentally discovered Penicillin

Penicillium notatum(later renamed Penicillium chrysogenum)

what is the name of the mold that was later identifies in Alexander Fleming’s discovery?

HOWARD FLOREY & ERNST CHAIN

Made the purification process for penicillin and clinical trials to humans

EDWARD ABRAHAM

First to propose the correct biochemical structure of Penicillin.