Human Biology Exam 1

what is the fundament unit of an element

number of protons

what is the difference between isotopes of the same element

they have different number of neutrons

positive Ion

more protons then electrons

negative ion

more electrons then protons

atomic number

protons

atomic wieght

protons and neutrons

non polar

electrons shared equally and the bond is week

polar

electrons arent shared equally, bond is strong

inter molecular bond

between molecules

intra molecular bond

within a single molecule

polar covalent bonds (water)

intramolecular bonds inside each water molecule

hydrogen bonds (water)

intermolecular bonds connecting different water molecules

hydrophilic molecules

water loving, polar bonds, diffuses in water till equilibrium is reached, these form the functional foundation of most biomolecules, deciding what goes in the phospholipid bilayer

hydrophobic molecules

water hating, non-polar, cant diffuse in water, the driving formation of cell membranes, folding proteins and storing energy, they the phospholipid bilayers using simple diffusion

hydrolysis inputs and outputs

inputs: a polymer and a water molecule

output: two or more separate monomers

dehydration synthesis inputs and outputs

inputs: two or more separate monomers

outputs: a larger polymer and a released water molecule

Hydrolysis in the context of polymerization

addition of water breaks covalent bonds

dehydration synthesis in the context of polymerization

loss of water creates covalent bonds

prokaryotic cell

DNA floats freely in cytoplasm (NUCLEOID), no memebrane bound organelles

eukaryotic cells

DNA is safely enclosed inside membrane, they have membrane bound organelles

diffusion

the movement of molecules, ions, solutes, etc. from higher to lower concentration (down the gradient), no energy required, small molecules

simple diffusion

form of passive transport, doesnt need protein, goes with the concentration gradient

facilitated diffusion

form of passive transport, needs a protien, goes with the concentration gradient

active transport

form of active transport, works agaisnt the concentration gradient, needs a protein

bulk transport

form of active transport, works against the gradient, needs protein

endocytosis: cell opens up membrane to get the substance

exocytosis: cell opens up to get rid of substance

cytosol

propagation of cell signaling

cytoskeleton

gives cell shape and structure

railroad track for organelle and vesicle moveme3nt\

anchor for the cell and organelle

endomembrane system

make, modify, and transport proteins

nucleus

genes are copied and exported here

ER

proteins synthesize and sent to golgi body

golgi body

protiens modifed, packed, and put in vescile for transport

vescile

transport proteins to the external cellular membrane for the final destination of protein function

lysosomes

break down unwanted substances like bacteria and worn out organelles recycler

peroxisome

break down fatty acids and alcohols (detoxifier)

mitochondria

site of the chemical reactions of cellular resperation that supply more of the cellular energy

Glycolysis

splits glucose in half and harvests energy from broken bonds

input: glucose

output: 2 pryrovates, NADH and 2 ATP,

happens in the cytoplasms, no Oxygen needed

citrict acid cycle

harvest energy

input: 2 pryrovate

output: NADH,FADH2, 2 ATP, CO2

happens in the mitochondrial matrix, oxygen needed

CO2 is waste of resperation

ETC

creates of pool of H+ ions in the inter membrance space of the mitochandria

inputs: NADH, FADH

outputs: 32 ATP

happens in the mitochondria, needs oxygen

catabolic reaction

breaks down molecule

anabolic reaction

builds up molecules

central dogma of biology

the flow of genetic information in cells

DNA → RNA → protein, CANT GO BACKWARDS

intron

non-coding sequences removed during RNA splicing

exon

code for proteins and remain in mature mRNA

triplet

one amino acid is encoded by 3 RNA nucleotides in a sequence

non overlapping

cant remove a base and it reamin the same (no overlapping code)

punctuated

startes with methionine and has an end

degenerate

the genetic code is redundant, most amino acids have more than one codon

unambiguous

codons are exclusive, each specifies only 1 amino acid