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What is a hydrogen bond?
A weak bond formed between a hydrogen atom in one molecule and an electronegative atom in another molecule.
Where are hydrogen bonds found in water?
Between the partially positive hydrogen of one water molecule and the partially negative oxygen of another.
Where are hydrogen bonds found in DNA?
Between the nitrogenous bases of complementary strands (e.g., adenine-thymine, cytosine-guanine).
How many hydrogen bonds are found between adenine and thymine?
2 hydrogen bonds.
How many hydrogen bonds are found between cytosine and guanine?
3 hydrogen bonds.
What is the structure of an amino acid?
Central carbon bonded to an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a variable R group.
What are the three types of R groups in amino acids?
Nonpolar (hydrophobic), Polar (hydrophilic), Charged (acidic or basic).
What is the function of cohesiveness in water?
Water molecules stick together, creating surface tension.
What is adhesion in the context of water properties?
Water molecules stick to other surfaces, facilitating capillary action.
Why is water considered a polar molecule?
The oxygen atom is more electronegative, leading to partial positive and negative charges.
What are the four macromolecules?
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acids, Lipids.
What elements are found in carbohydrates?
Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Oxygen (O).
What are three functions of carbohydrates in living organisms?
Energy storage, structural support, cellular recognition.
What are the elements found in proteins?
Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), and sometimes Sulfur (S).
What are three functions of proteins in living organisms?
Enzymes, structural components, transport.
What are the elements found in nucleic acids?
Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), and Phosphorus (P).
What parts are found in all nucleotides?
A phosphate group, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base.
What are three functions of nucleic acids in living organisms?
Store genetic information, transmit genetic information, catalyze biochemical reactions.
What are the elements found in lipids?
Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), and sometimes Phosphorus (P).
What are the three different types of lipids?
Fats (triglycerides), Phospholipids, Steroids.
What are three functions of lipids in living organisms?
Energy storage, membrane structure, hormone signaling.
What is hydrolysis?
A reaction where water is used to break bonds between monomers.
What is dehydration?
A reaction where water is removed to form bonds between monomers.
What type of bond is found between monosaccharides in carbohydrates?
Glycosidic bonds.
What type of bond is found between amino acids in proteins?
Peptide bonds.
What type of bond is found between nucleotides in nucleic acids?
Phosphodiester bonds.
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