MIL Finals (copy)

Cognitive, affective, personal identity, social integrative, and diversion needs

The five information needs according to Katz, Gurevitch, and Haas (1973)

Cognitive Needs

Media is used for acquiring information, knowledge, and understanding.

Affective Needs

Media is used as substitute for real and interpersonal interaction

Personal Identity Needs

People find themselves reflected in texts and learn behaviors and values from media.

Social Integrative Needs

Media is used to interact with the community including with family and friends

Diversion/Entertainment Needs

Media is used to get away from everyday problems and routine

7 Elements of Information Literacy

define, determine, locate, critical evaluation, organize, use information, create and communicate

Defining Information Needs

Involves being aware that a need or problem exists that can be solved through the availability of information.

Determining Sources of Information

This entails knowing whether the information you need exists or not, where to get it if it exists; how to create it, if it doesnt.

Locating, searching, and accessing information

This entails a number of skills including: knowing how to use the library, the internet, having research skills, interviewing skills, and the like.

Critical Evaluation of Information

This entails analyzing and evaluating the quality and usefulness of the information.

Organizing and Storage of Information

This entails skills such as paraphrasing, summarizing, organizing and reorganizing the information, drawing inferences, drawing conclusions, note-taking, and filing the information for immediate or later use.

Ethical, efficient, and effective use of information

This entails knowledge of ethical principles such as respect for intellectual property, the ability to paraphrase and summarize, knowing to use citation formats such as APA, Turabian, and the like.

Create and communicate new knowledge

This involves knowing how to write reports, emails, use social media, prepare slideshow presentations, use data graphics, and the like.

Triple Es of MIL

Explore, Engage, Empower

Explore

Identify, access, and retrieve information and media content

Engage

Analyze and evaluate media and information critically.

Empower

Create, produce, share and communicate information and media content ethically.

Three types of media

Print, Broadcast, and New Media

Johannes Gutenberg

He invented the printing press in 1446.

Printing Press

The invention of this device led to the creation of a new branch of media, and was a major step in the creation of the modern literary scene.

The Press

This branch of media is named after an invention.

Publishing

The selection, preparation, and marketing of printed matter.

Papyrus Books

These were scrolls attached to wooden rods on both ends. These were widely used in Ancient Egypt, as well as Classical times

Codex

A collection of parchment pages that were cut and bound on one side.

Trade Books

Fiction or non-fiction books sold to the general public. These books’ genres vary from sci-fi, fantasy romance, thrillers, crime, biography, history, travel guides and self-help books

Textbooks

Comprise two types of books, educational, and professional books

Educational Books

refers to references, academic textbooks, profession books, and specialty books.

Professional Books

these books contain information about specialized occupations, such as doctors, lawyers, accountants, and writers.

Paperback

This is a type of book cover that is cheap, usually has a small page size, and were printed on pulp paper.

Hardcover

This is type of book cover that is made of durable material (leather). These books are large, expensive and mostly sold to high and middle classes.

Mass-market Romance Novels

These appeared in the 1980s in the Philippines. They were sold for 35 PHP, and are written in Filipino.

E-Books

These are books that are sold as digital files, and read on devices called readers, examples are Amazon Kindle and Sony’s Reader.

Michael Stern Hart

He founded Project Gutenberg, the first to provide e-books freely via the internet.

Audiobooks

Originally meant for people with vision difficulties but are enjoyed these days by commuters, runners, and the like.

Wattpad

An online platform that enables writers to create and publish their stories and share this to a potentially large global audience.

Newspaper

Print media that contains reports of recent or ongoing events of human interest.

Newsworthy Content

The Exceptional, Proximity, Impactful, Prominence, Conflict, Human Interest

Exceptional

The out-of-the-ordinary

Proximity

The story occurs close to home, it involves a person or group that is related to one’s community or it happens in that community

Impact

affects many people such as typhoon Haiyan or the Fukushima nuclear disaster.

Prominence

Involves someone famous such as a sports or entertainment figure public officials, or statesman.

Conflict

Involves war, political campaigns, activists carrying out campaigns against environmental polluters

Human Interest

Involves the human condition or evokes emotion

Magazines

Periodical publications carrying articles appealing to various interests.

Quality/Opinion Magazines

These magazines target and appeal to an elite class who comprise the cultural, business, and political leaders of society. These contain commentaries, revies on political and economic affairs and literary pieces such as poems.

General Interest Magazines

Magazines covering a wide variety of topics and are aimed at a broad audience; these include cultural magazines which focus on trends in modern living.

News Magazines

Magazines which present the news in a more concise way.

Picture or illustrated news Magazines

These present the news in a more concise way using pictures.

Digest and pockets Magazines

Among the most popular is Reader’s Digest which reprints articles from other magazines in condensed form.

Specialized or special interest magazines

Most magazines cater to special interests or preoccupations.

Radio

This technology grew out of the ideas of electromagnetism, and relies on EM waves to transport messages across vast distances.

Telegraph

This invention was created in 1844 by Samuel Morse which catalyzed the creation of many more EM inventions.

Samuel Morse

He invented the telegraph. (Hint: Morse Code)

Advantages of Radio

Cost-effective, Low demand on literacy skills, Portability, A background medium, Accessibility

Cost-effective

Radio technology is quite cheap to produce nowadays.

Low demand on literacy skills

Users do not have to literate to listen to the radio.

Portability

Modern radio devices are small, and mobile, they can find in many areas of life: cars, smartphones

A background medium

Radio can be listened to while doing other tasks.

Accessiblity

Radio is accessible to the visually-challenged

Information Program

these radio broadcasts comprise of news, talk programs, documentaries, and educational programs.

Entertainment programs

These radio programs contain music, drama, soap operas, etc.

Community Radio

These stations are operated by local communities, usually small towns.

Webcasting

The delivery of audio service directly to individual listeners over the internet.

Television

The electronic transmission of visual and sound recordings.

Cable TV

This is the transmission of TV signals through a wire or cable and became popular during the 1970s in the USA.

Satellite Transmissions

Television signals can also be transmitted through satellites in orbit.

Digital Video Records

also known as DVRs. This allows viewers to rewind and play back portions of a program while the program is in progress.

Digital Television

This involves the digitalization of television signals. This allows broadcasters to carry multiple forms of content on the space currently used to carry one broadcast signal.

Web-delivering System

This is the combination of internet and broadcasting. This makes it possible to receive both television signals and the web, both over a television an through a computer.

Home Video

This does not involve transmission, rather prerecorded video is either sold or lent for home use.

New Media

It covers a set of applied communication technologies that are still evolving.

Interactivity

Dialogue or interaction between the individual and a computer program.

Ubiquity and de-locatedness

presence of new media wherever there is hardware and connectivity.

Accessible to individual users as senders or receivers

users can create their own messages or content as well as receive these.

Media of both mass and personal communication

new media allow the following communication modes: one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-many

Hypertextuality

New media can connect one format of information with other formats and information sources through hyperlinks

Multimediality

various types of media formats may be contained on a platform such as when a website features video, music, as well as texts.

Types of social media

Social networking sites, collaborative projects, content communities, virtual game worlds, virtual social worlds, etc.

Indigenous Sources

Any information and controlled by a community — either a geographic community or a community of identify or interest. It consists of practical common sense, knowledge of the local environment, authority systems, rules, and the way of life of the community.

The Library

Public,

Public/community libraries

These range from national or state libraries to small community libraries.

University, academic, or school libraries

These libraries vary in size, depending on the type of academic institution.

Special Libraries

These are unique libraries serving various organizations. Their collections may be open to large or small populations, or only a select few people.

General References

This section houses general encyclopedic works including dictionaries, almanacs, atlases, directories, handbooks, manuals, indexes, abstracts, etc.

Periodical Section

This section has all local and foreign journals, magazines, newspapers, government publications and other forms of serial publication, vertical files such as pamphlets, brochures, and newspaper clippings.

General Collection/Circulation Section

This section houses the main collection of the library, with books on various topics such as philosophy, religion, social sciences, language, arts, pure science, applied science, literature, history, and geography.

Children’s Section

This section houses children’s books and other educational materials.

Multimedia and Internet Section

This section holds multimedia facilities such as computers, television, and other technologies used to view the nonprint collection of the library.

Special Collection

This part of the library contains materials separated from the general collection because they may be rare, fragile, valuable, unpublished, or nontextual.

Internet

This is the most popular source of information today.

Social Networking Sites

These platforms are used to broadcast live events and to sell various products

Media Sharing Sites

These websites primarily aim to entertain it’s users, but can be used to inspire and educate.

Social Audio Platforms

Considered as the next big social network trend is the social audio platform

Social Bookmarking Sites

These are used to discover, save, share, discuss, and organize media content.

Social Review Sites

These allow for personal reviews of businesses, products, restaurants, and other services.

Echochamber Effect

It occurs when the algorithm of social media/internet software feed it’s users only what they want to hear, and what they already know leading to to a confirmation bias and misinformation.

Fake News

Any medium with incorrect or false information. These may be spread intentionally or unintentionally.

Primary Source

Original records of specific events.

Secondary Source

Records created by a person using the primary source as reference.