Sensory, Motor, and Integrative Systems

sensation

the conscious or subconscious awareness of changes in the external or internal environment

perception

is the conscious interpretation of sensations preformed mainly by the cerebral cortex

somatic, visceral pressure, chemicals, stretch, nausea, hunger, temperature

What are the 7 general senses?

modality

each type of sensation is called a sensory ____

general; special

Sensory modalities are grouped into either __ __senses or _____ senses__

tactile, thermal, proprioceptive

Somatic general sense consists of what three categories?

smell, taste, vision, hearing, equillibrium

Special senses consist of what 5 things?

sensory receptor

Each different sense requires a specific what?

free nerve endings

What type of nerve ending is used to detect pain, temp, tickle, itch, and some touch

encapsulated nerve endings

what type of nerve ending is used to detect pressure, vibrations, and some touch

taste

gustatory= ____

location; origin

receptor may also be grouped based on __ __and__ __ of the stimuli that activate them

exteroreceptor

this type of receptor include: hearing, vision, smell, taste, touch, pressure, vibration, and pain

interoreceptor

this type of receptors monitor the body’s internal environment

proprioceptor

this type of receptor provides information about body position, muscle length and tension and the position and movement of joints

somatic

_____ sensations: tactile, thermal, pain, and proprioreceptive

tactile

____ sensations: touch, pressure, vibration, itch, and tickle

Deep Epidermis

Nerves start where in the skin?

Type 1 cutaneous mechanoreceptor or tactile disc

senses continuous touch and pressure

corpuscle of touch or meissners corpuscles

senses onset of touch and low frequency vibrations

Type 2 cutaneous mechanoreceptor or Ruffini corpuscles

senses skin stretching and pressure

hair root plexus

senses movements on skin surface that disturb hairs

lamellated corpuscle or Pacini Corpuscles

senses high-frequency vibrations

fast and slow

two types of pain?

fast

acute, sharp, pricking pain that is perceived within .01 second

slow

chronic, burning, aching, or throbbing pain is perceived a second or more after the stimulus

superficial somatic pain

type of pain arising from skin receptors

deep somatic pain

pain from skeletal muscles, joints, tendons, and fascia

visceral pain

stimulation of pain sensors in visceral organs and is usually present in or just deep to the skin that overlies the stimulated organ

proprioception

recognizing position of body parts

proprioreceptors

located in muscles and tendons

muscle spindles

a type of proprioceptor, found in skeletal muscles, that monitors muscle length and are involved in stretch reflexes

tendon organs

are a type of proprioceptor, found at the junction of a tendon and a muscle, that protects muscles and tendons from damage due to overstretching

join kinesthetic receptors

exist in and around the joint capsule of synovial joints and they respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration during movement and help to protect against excessive strain

somatic sensory

___ ___ pathways carry information from somatic sensory receptors to the primary somatosensory area in the cerebral cortex and to the cerebellum

3

the pathways to the cortex consist of thousands of sets of ___ neurons

first order

impulses from somatic receptors to the brain stem or spinal cord

second order

impulses from the brain stem and spinal cord to the thalamus

third order

impulses from the thalamus to the primary somatosensory area of the cortex on the same side

posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway, anterolateral (spinothalamic) pathway, trigeminothalamic pathway

somatic sensory impulses ascend to the cerebral cortex along three general pathways

limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head

posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway impulses are from?

pain, temp, itch, tickle and posterior head

anterolateral (spinothalamic) pathway impulses are for

somatic sensations from the face, nasal cavity, oral cavity, and teeth

the trigeminothalamic pathway impulses are for ?

spinocerebellar tracts

somatic sensory impulses reach the cerebellum via the ?

post central gyri

located on both parietal lobes of the of the brain and are the sites for the primary somatosensory area

lips and hands

the two areas that take up the most surface area on the primary somatosensory cortex

proprioreceptive

the posterior spinocerebellar tract and the anterior spinocerebellar tract carry what type of impulses to the cerebellum?

posterior spinocerebellar tract and anterior spinocerebellar tract

these two pathways are critical for posture, balance, and coordination of skilled movements

lower motor neurons

Nerves that extend out of the brain stem and spinal cord are called?

cranial nerves; spinal nerves

LMNs innervate skeletal muscles of the face and head through ? and skeletal muscles of the limb and trunk through ?

local circuit neurons, upper motor neurons, basal nuclei neurons, cerebellar neurons

somatic motor pathways provide the input into lower motor neurons are divided into 4 distinct circuits:

local circuit neurons

somatic motor circuit: located close to LMNs in the brain stem

Upper motor neurons

somatic motor circuit: input to both lower circuit neurons and LMNs

basal nuclei neurons

somatic motor circuit: assist movement by providing input to UMNs

cerebellar neurons

somatic motor circuit: assist movement via control of activity of UMNs

direct motor and indirect motor

UMNs extend to LMNs via two types of pathways?

direct

this type of motor pathway delivers signals to LMNs from the cerebral cortex

indirect

this type of motor pathway delivers signals to LMNs from motor centers in the basal nuclei, cerebellum and cerebral cortex

corticospinal and corticobular

there are two direct motor pathways used for voluntary movement?

pyramidal

direct=

indirect

extrapyramidal=

rubrospinal, tectospinal, vestibulospinal, lateral reticulospinal, and medial reticulospinal tracts

What are the 5 indirect motor pathways?

monitoring intentions for movements, monitoring actual movement, comparing command signals with sensory information, sending out corrective feedback

The cerebellum performs 4 activities?

reticular activating system

wakefulness and sleep relies on what system ?

Wernickes

What languiage area is associated with speech comprehension?

Brocas

What language area is associated vocalization of speech?

Parkinsons

What disease affects people around age 60 and too little dopamine is produced