Biotechnology

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Selective Breeding

humans use selectively breeding to take advantage of naturally occurring genetic variation to pass wanted traits on to the next generation of organisms.

Biotechnology

invention or method to living organisms to develop or modify products, improve plants or animals, or to enhance microorganisms for specific uses.

Hybridization (long def)

the process of crossing two different species or varieties to produce offspring with desired traits, often used in agriculture and animal breeding.

Hybridization (notes in book)

The crossing of disssimilae individuals to bring together the best of both organisms

Inbreeding

continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics

What does inbreeding ensure?

makes sure special traits are still present and preserved but its kinda risk

Breeding members that are genetically similar

can lead to genetic defects and reduce overall population viability. Makes autistic ppl

Increased Variation

Breeders can increase the genetic variation in a population by introducing mutations-ultimate source of genetic diversity that drives evolution.

What is a heritable changes in DNA?

Mutation

How are mutation rate of an organism change?

Radtion and chemicals (breeders select the better characteristics -ex. bacteria)

POlypoid plants

plants that grow from cells that have many tomes the normal number of chromosomes

why are polypoid plants good for the environment?

new plants multiply and become better and stronger, larger

How can u get dan into fragments?

cut into fragments of manageable sizes using restriction enzymes

-restriction fragments for study using gel eceltrophroesis or another smiliar technique (finally bae sequences can be made and read)

Who is douglas prasher?

he wanted to find a genee for a jellyfish

Polymerase Chain Reaction

used when a sample contains too little DNA to be analyzed easily

What’s a polymerase chain reaction do?

make multiple copies of specific DNA sequences known as Primers

chain reaction thing

1.20-30 bases in length are added to the sample

2.based sequences of these pieces are complementary w other bases on either end of the Dnais to be copied

3.Dna sample is heated to separate its strands

4.As DNa cools, the primer bond to the single strands

5. DNa polymerase copies or replicates the region between the primer

6. as the cycle of heating and cooling is repeated these copies serve as templates to still make more copies.

using PCR…

just a few dozen cycles fo replication can produce billions of copies of the DNA betweent he primers in less than a day

what is a bacteria genome

complete set of DNA within a bacterial cell typically contains within a single bacterial cell

REcombiant DNA

when ligase glues dNA molec. from any sources (customer cources or another organism) and injects them into living cells

HOW is recombiant dna made

if dna molecules from two sources are cut with the same restriction enzymes, their sticky ends will bond to a fragment of DNA that has complimentary sequences of bases.

what does recombinat DNA make possible

possible to change the genetic composition of living organisms

whats the easiest way to explain recombiant Dna

two dna cut w same enxyme they can cut and join together

whats genetic makers make it possible to distinguish?

how we know what dna has plasmids and those that don’t

Even if just a few cells in a million take up recom plasmid, the markers can find the cell

after transformation,,, culture is reated with what (the nwe marker)

treated with antibiotic

waht makes recombinat dna limited?

needs two sources, so they made CRISPR

How does CRISPR and DNA editing work

When infected with viruses, bacteria capture small pieces of the viruses' DNA and insert them into their own DNA in a particular pattern to create segments known as CRISPR arrays.

transgenic

genes fro another species

How are transgenic geens eproduced?

Produced by the insertion of recombiant DNA into the genome of a host organism

Where is transgenic genese be injected in in plants

When cell wall is down plants cells in culture will sometimes take up DNA on their own

-dna can be injected direcrly into some plant cels

what makes them succesful (recombinat DNA of Trangenic)

DNa can be integrated into one of the plant cell’s chromosomes

TRansgenic ANimas

DNA is injected in nucleus, enzymes normlaly responsible for DNA repair, may help inesrt weird dna into chromosomes of injected cell

Clone

population of identical cells made form a single cell

Steps of cloning

nucles of unterilized egg cel is removed

-egg cell is fused w donor cell , contains nucles taken form adult

-cell develops niot an embroy and inplamnted in uterus of a foster mother where it develops until birth

-diddy+s coming