ALGAE

Algae

Protista are photosynthetic autotrophs

Unicellular

colonial

filamentous

clublike

spiral

larger form

Morphology of Algae

Polyphletic

a group that does not include its common ancestor

eye spots

tiny light sensitive areas of algae

Pellicle

thick cell walls or tchick cell membranes of algae

Phycocolloids

One of several starch-like chemicals found in some seaweeds. They are of significant commercial importance.

Alginates

Agars

Carrageenans

Major Phycocolloids

Plankton

Tiny algae and animals that float in water and are carried by waves and currents.

Algae

Plays an essential role in the aquatic food web and produce mostly the earth's oxygen.

Chlorophyll

principal pigment of plants and other photosynthetic organisms

Chlorophyta

phylum of green algae

Rodophyta

red algae

Phaeophyta/Ochrophyta

brown algae (kelp)

Chrysophyta

Golden brown algae (Diatoms)

Diatoms

the main producers in marine Environment that is also known as the "Pearls of Ocean" and a family of brown algaes (Ochrophyta).

"Jewels of the sea" or "living opals"

Pyrrophyta (Dinoflagellates)

a phylum containing groups of marine dwelling alage that are single-celled organisms that can be heterotrophic, and photosynthetic, with two flagella Yellow red fire algae are bioluminescent that causes red tide.

Euglenophyta (euglenoids)

Unicellular and flagellated

A pellicle replaces cell wall

Move and feed using flagellum

Have chlorophyll, carotenoids, and xanthophyll

Similar to green algae

Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)

photosynthetic bacteria, possess the pigment chlorophyll a and use water in their photosynthetic process. They are primitive algae that are largely responsible for the Earth having an oxygenated atmosphere. Hence, are not plants and are more similar to bacteria.

Tribophyceae

Yellow green algae

Green Algae

- Large diversity in fresh water

- Present in marine habitats but not as important as reds and browns

- Phylum chlorophyta

- 7000 species, 10% in marine and many are unicellular

Chlamydomonas

unicellular green algae

Pandorina

colonial/clump green alga

Ulva

sea lettuce; sheet or sphere

Ulothrix

Filamentous green algae

Spirogyra

- Filamentous green algae

- long green strands in pond water

water's silk, mermaids tresses and blanket weeds

- They reproduces thru conjugation

Red algae

red pigments

largest group of seaweeds

about 4000 species

found in most shallow water marine environment

cells are with gels.

coralline red algae

- secretes CaCO3 to withstand waves.

- smooth or rough encrusting growth on rocks.

- actively involves in formation of coral reefs.

Carrageenan

Agar

secondary product of red algae

Carrageenan

a substance extracted from red and purple seaweeds, consisting of a mixture of polysaccharides. It is used as a thickening or emulsifying agent in food products. It is similar to agar but requires higher concentrations to form gels.

Gigartina stellata (Hydrocolloid compound mainly made of galactans extracted from red algae)

Chondrus Crispus (t is also known as Irish moss extract, and is typically transparent or semi-transparent, resembling a gel-like substance)

Eucheuma

examples of Carrageenan

Agar

used in bacteriology and mycology as stiffening agent in growth media

used as a stabilizer for emulsions and as a constituent of cosmetic skin preparations, ointments and lotions

made from Geldium, Gracilaria, Pterocladia and Ahnfeltia

Brown Algae

Phylum Phaeophyta/Heterokontophyta

- exhibits the most complexly differentiated thalli

- Fucoxanthin dominate over chlorophyll

- Primaary producers on temperate and polar rocky coasts

- almost 1500 speies are marines

- includes the largest and most complex seaweeds

Kelps (brown algae)

- found in deeper water below the lowest tide level

- great abundance in temperature and subpoint latitudes.

- can grow atleast 50 cm per day in optional condition that can reach up to 100 cm.

- Among the richest and most productive environment in marine realm.

- used as thickening agent in ice cream, toothpaste, shaving creams, hair sprays and lotion.

Macrocystis

Giant kelp. and a good source of algin

Algin/Alginate/Alginic acid

anionic polysachharide distributed widely in the cell walls of brown algae.

Golden Brown algae

Phylum Chrysophyta

- Serves as the source of food to many aquatic organisms

Chryso

this means "Color of gold"

yellow-green

golden brown

diatoms

Three types of golden algae

Diatoms

most abundant and are found in seawater and freshwater habitats and source of food to most of the aquatic organisms

Silica

The shell of diatoms are made of __________________________

Silica

hydrated silicon dioxide

Frustule

the silicified cell wall of a diatom, consisting of two valves or overlapping halves.

diatomaceous earth

a soft, fine, porous deposit that is composed mainly of the skeletons of diatoms.

Dinoflagellates (Fire algae)

- Phylum phyrrophyta

- This means "Spinning swimmers"

- cellulose containing armor plates that gives them a sculpted appearance

- most species found in sltwater environments

- common cause of red tides - algal blooms

Red tide

It is caused by dinoflagellates and diatoms and known to be as worldwide occurence.

Gonyaulax

dinoflagellate that causes red tides that contains neurotoxin and are poisonous to marine fauna.

harmful algal blooms

- A population explosion of toxic algae caused by excessive nutrient concentrations.

- toxic effects on organism

- Gives a physical impairment to fish

- Nuisance conditions from odors or discoloration of water or habitats.

Dinoflagellates

Diatoms

Cyanobacteria

Algaes that produces toxins

Toxic dinoflagellate blooms

Ciguatera fish poisoning

Diarrhetic Shellfish poisoning

Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning

Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning

Toxic diatom blooms

Amnesic Shellfish poisoning

Harmful blooms (toxic or non toxic: not confirmed)

- Fish kills (Pfiesteria, Chaetoceros, Heterosigma)

- Brown tides (aureococcus, aureoumbra)

Gambierdiscus toxicus

Algae that sometimes are eaten by red snapper and other finfish and then produce ciguatoxin in the fish. It causes Ciguatera fish poisoning

Ciguatera fish poisoning

- associated with weeds and coral reefs

- optimum conditions: shallow water 25-34 degrees celcius having 25 to 40 ppt.

- ciguatoxin and maitotoxin

- toxins

- bioaccumulate

- stable and heat resistant

- lipid soluble

- highly potent (clinical effects from <1 mg)

Vectors of Ciguatera Fish poisoning

red snapper

grouper

amber jack

sturgeon

Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP)

Okadaic Acid produced by Dinophysis sp. That accumulate in shellfish. can cause mild gastrointestinal illness, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting and has no neurotoxic effects

dinopyhsis acuminata

dinophysis fortii

proredentrum lima

causatuive agent of Diarrhetic Shellfish poisoning.

Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning (NSP)

Seafood toxin, Tingling and numbness of the lips, tongue, and throat, Dizziness, Reversal of hot and cold sensations, Vomiting, Diarrhea.

Karenia brevis

known as Gymodinium breve

Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning symptoms

Tingling and numbness of the lips, tongue, and throat.

Dizziness, reversal of hot and cold sensations, vomiting, diarrhea.

Brevetoxins: Ecological Impacts

Massive fish kills

• Harmful to birds (pelican, seagulls,

cormorants) and manatees

Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning

shellfish eat dinoflagellates and accumulate saxitoxin, people will get sick when they eat the shellfish.

- Has an rapid onset to humans (30 min)

- absence of gastrointestinal symptoms

Alexandrium spp.

Gymnodium spp.

Pyrodinium spp.

Phylums of Paralytic shellfish poisoning.

numbness

headache

ataxia (loss of full control of bodily movement)

weakness

cranial nerve dysfunction

diaphragmatic paralysis

death of asphyxiation

Neurological symptoms of Paralytical shellfish poisoning

Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP)

domoic acid and glutamic acid

Pseudo-nitzschia

Shellfish poisoning by domoic acid; death of sea otters/lions.

Euglenids (Euglenophyta)

- unicellular with flagella

- has feeatures of algae and protozoa

- contains chloroplasts

- presence of primitive mouth called cytosome and absence of cell wall

- has pellicle that contains protein that gives them both strenghth and flexibility.

- has eyespot at the anterior end that detects light.

Protothecosis

known as Algaemia is a disease found in dogs, cats cattles and humans caused by a type of alga known as PROTOTHECA that lacks chlorophyll and enters the human or animal bloodstream,