1.b. carbon and water cycles are systems with inputs, outputs and stores

hydrological cycle

input- precipitation. storage- oceans, lakes, clouds, ice, groundwater. processes- condensation, transpiration, evaporation, surface run off, percolation, infiltration, throughflow, groundwater flow. output- rivers, human uses

stores in water

lithosphere- rigid outer part of the earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle, divided into tectonics plates

biosphere-space at the earths surface and within the atmosphere occupied by living organisms

hydrosphere- all the waters on the earth’s surfaces, lake and seas

cryosphere- frozen part of the earth’s surface, including polar ice caps, continental ice sheets, glaciers, sea ice and permafrost

atmosphere- envelope of gases surrounding the planet

stores around earth

oceans 97%, polar ice and glaciers 2%, groundwater (aquifers) 0.7%, lakes 0.01%, soils 0.005%, atmosphere and rivers 0.001%, biosphere 0.00004%

global water cycle

always the same amount, no leaves or exits. energy from sun enters and leaves. example of closed system. 

stores equally distributed

not, less than 10 countries possess 60% of the world’s available freshwater supply. 30% of all freshwater is stored in rocks below ground surface= aquifers. aquifers are unevenly distributed due to them most commonly being formed in chalk and sandstone- permeable and porous. Europe has a lot, little in Spain and Italy plus Scandinavia. north Africa has some large. Asia not much some near India. many in Indonesia. lots in south America 

climate change affect water balance

increased temp more evaporation and evapotranspiration, potentially water shortages. altered precipitation patterns, rainfall freq changes and intensity changes= more intense rainfall events- floods and soil erosion or prolonged droughts, reduce water availability. sea level rise- saltwater intrusion into freshwater aquifers= impact water quality and availability

land use change

urbanisation, deforestation, agriculture

human activities

dam construction-alter river flow patterns. water abstraction- for irrigation, industry or domestic use. industrial activities- pollute water resources, affect quality and impact health and ecosystems.