deafness 3

Various Hearing Loss

• Conductive Hearing Loss

• Sensorineural Hearing Loss

• Mixed Hearing Loss

Conductive Hearing Loss

• Can be caused by chronic ear infection or build-up of fluid behind the eardrum in the middle ear space

• Can be caused by the outer and/or middle ear not forming correctly while in the womb

• Loss due to problems with the ear canal, ear drum, or middle ear, and its small bones (themalleus, incus, and stapes)

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

• Cochlea and/or the auditory nerve is damaged or malfunctions

• 90 percent of all hearing aid wearers have sensorineural hearing loss

Mixed Hearing Loss

Caused by a combination of conductive damage in the outer or middle ear and sensorineural damage in the inner ear (cochlear) or auditory nerve

Challenges That Children Who Are Deaf May Encounter

• Hearing and understanding sounds around them

• Making speech sounds

• Learning new words

• Putting together sentences

• Using correct grammar

Effectively expressing themselves

• Understanding speech from other people

• Following directions in quiet and noisy places

• Paying attention and controlling behavior

• Following conversations with multiple people

Making friends and interacting with peers

• Difficulty understanding games, rules and directions

• Listening and learning in the classroom

• Learning to read

Treatment and Intervention

• Work with a professional(s) who can help a child and family learn to communicate

• Obtain a hearing device

• Join support groups

• Benefit from community resources

• Education

• Technology

• Hearing aids

• Cochlear of brainstem implants

• Bone-anchored hearing aids

• Other assistive devices

Hearing Aids

Hearing aids make sounds louder
• Babies with hearing aids may be given an opportunity to learn speech skill

Cochlear and Auditory Brainstem Implants

• Cochlear sends sound signals directly to the hearing nerve
• Individuals with severe or profound hearing loss due to an absent or very small hearing
nerve or severely abnormal inner ear (cochlea), may not benefit from a hearing aid or
cochlear implant
• Auditory brainstem implant directly stimulates the hearing pathways in the brainstem,
bypassing the inner ear and hearing nerve

Bone-Anchored Hearing Aids

• Suitable for children who cannot wear “in the ear” or “behind the ear” hearing aids
• Used when a child has either a conductive, mixed or unilateral hearing loss

Assistive Devices

• FM System (frequency modulation): Same signals used for radios
• Sound is sent from a microphone used by someone speaking to the person wearing the
receiver
• System is sometimes used with hearing aids

• Captions show the conversation spoken in the soundtrack of a program on the bottom of

the television screen

• Text messaging

• Telephone amplifiers

• Flashing and vibrating alarms

• Video Remote Interpreters

What is language for

• Captions show the conversation spoken in the soundtrack of a program on the bottom of
the television screen
• Text messaging
• Telephone amplifiers
• Flashing and vibrating alarms
• Video Remote Interpreters

Syntax

Word order

Semantics

Meaning in language

Pragmatics

Use

Morphology

The study of the forms of words

Some Communication Barriers

Language barriers, psychological barriers, emotional barriers, physiological barriers, Physical barriers, perceptual barriers, cultural barriers, gender barriers, technological barriers, and interpersonal barriers.

Modes of Communication

• According to Baker and Cokely (1980), the foundation of communication is language

• Communication is a system comprised of arbitrary symbols and grammatical signals that can be modified or enhanced by members of the community

• The way individuals project themselves, verbally and physically, will determine how they are perceived and accepted by members of the environment

• Individuals who are unable to participate in the fluid exchange of information may be isolated by the mainstream of current events

Signed Exact English (SEE)

Signs with English word order (3,100 signs)

Rochester Method

Fingerspelling

American Sign Language (ASL)

Pertains shapes, position and movements of the cheeks, lips, tongue, eyes, eyebrows, shoulders and body shifts

• there are non-manual features that do not involve the hands: puffed cheeks,
  pursed lips, eye gaze, raising the eyebrows; gesture

• Accomodates the visual capacities of the eye and the motor capabilities of the body

Bilingualism and Deafness

• Encourages the difference between ASL and English
• The obvious differences in modality between ASL and English, the transfer from the
performance form of ASL, to written form is not automatic or clear cut