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Abnormality
Psychological dysfunction associated with distress or impairment in functioning and deviance
Psychopathology
scientific study concerned with the nature, development and treatment of mental disorders
Scientist-Practitioner
scientific approach used by mental health professionals in clinical work (consume, evaluate and create)
Clinical Description
unique combination of thoughts, behaviors and feelings that make up a specific disorder
Presenting Problem/Presents
reason why the person came to the mental health institution
Prevalence
total number of cases in a population
Incidence
new cases in a given period of time
Sex Ratio
percentage of male-to-female ratio in the cases of a specific disorder
Course
pattern of the disorder
Chronic
lasts a long time, sometimes a lifetime
Episodic
recover within a few months and suffer again at a later time
Time-Limited
recover without treatment for a short period of time
Onset
beginning and speed of the development of disorder
Acute
sudden occurrence
Insidious
gradual development
Prognosis Prognosis
anticipated course of the disorder
Good
individual might recover
Guarded
outcome appears to be poor
Etiology
study of why the disorder begins and includes the biopsychosocial formulation
Supernatural Tradition
Abnormal behavior equates to evil and related to the works of the devil and witches
Demonology
evil being can dwell in and control a person’s mind and body
exorcism
shaving a sign of the cross to the head and bringing them near the church
Mass Hysteria
large-scale outbreaks of bizarre behavior
Emotion Contagion
an experience of an emotion that seem to spread to people
Mob Psychology
shared response that occurs when people believed their reactions have the same source
Paracelsus
suggested that the movements of moon and the stars affect one’s psychological functioning
Hippocrates
he and his associates suggested that psychological disorders can be treated like any other diseases
Galen
extended the works of Hippocrates and his associates
Humoral Theory of Disorders
psychological functioning is based on the four bodily fluids or humors and imbalance of the humors causes psychological disorders
Sanguine
blood, characterized by cheerfulness and optimism
Melancholic
black bile, depressive
Phlegmatic
phlegm, characterized by sluggishness, apathy and calmness
Choleric
yellow bile, characterized by hot-headedness
hysteria
Hippocrates coined this term (which is now known as somatic symptom disorders) to describe a concept from the Egyptians.
Syphilis
sexually transmitted disease that can induce psychotic symptoms.
Louis Pasteur
his germ theory of diseases facilitated the discovery of the cause of syphilis.
John P. Grey
an American psychiatrist, suggested that the causes of insanity is always physical. Hence, mentally ill patients should be treated as physically ill.
1930s
physical interventions of electric shock and brain surgery were used.
Manfred Sakel
used higher doses of insulin until patients convulsed and they recovered their mental health. This is known as insulin shock therapy.
Benjamin Franklin
discovered the effect of electric shock to the head.
Joseph von Meduna
observed that schizophrenia is rare in patients with epilepsy. His followers concluded brain seizures might cure schizophrenia.
1950s
effective drugs were developed for severe psychotic disorders.
Rauwolfia serpentine (reserpine) and neuroleptics major traquilizers)
are used for hallucinations and delusions as well as agitation and aggressiveness.
Benzodiazepines
medicine used for anxiety.
Emil Kraepelin
advocated the major ideas for biological tradition, but he largely contributed to the area of diagnosis and classification.
Plato
suggested that social and cultural influences as well as reasoning affect maladaptive behavior.
Aristotle
argued that social environment and early learning contribute to later psychopathology.
Moral therapy
emerged during the first half of the 19thth century.
Philippe Pinel and Jean-Baptiste Pussin
introduced the moral therapy.
William Tuke
brought moral therapy to England.
Dorothea Dix
began the mental hygiene movement.
Franz Anton Mesmer
suggested that mental disorders have something to do with an undetectable fluid called animal magnetism.
Jean-Martin Charcot
proved that some techniques of mesmerism/hypnosis effectively cured various psychological disorders.
Josef Breuer
applied a different use for hypnosis as to discover underlying conflict of his patients.
Sigmund Freud
together with Breuer, discovered the unconscious mind and catharsis.
Anna Freud
suggested that abnormal behavior develops when the ego fails in adaptation, reality testing and defenses
Heinz Kohut
suggested that the formation of self-concept and crucial attributes of the self affect the development of abnormality.
Object Relations
psychological conflict arises when varying positions of objects have been incorporated.
Carl Jung and Alfred Adler
believe that removing barriers to internal and external growth results to the improvement of a person.
Psychodynamic psychotherapy
is more used in the modern time rather than classical psychoanalysis.
Self-actualizing
refers to the concept that we can achieve our best potential if we have the freedom to grow.
behavioral model
provided a more systematic and scientific approach to psychopathology.
Ivan Pavlov
introduced the concept of classical conditioning.
John B. Watson
founded the behaviorism.
Mary Cover Jones
the first to diminish phobia through behaviorism.
Joseph Wolpe
introduced systematic desensitization.
Adolf Meyer
suggested that psychopathology could be best understood through the lenses of biology, psychology and sociology.