Wars of the roses

Causes of Cade's Rebellion

corruption, loss of land in France, Death of Suffolk, weakness of Henry

What was the problem of corruption?

royal income went to members of the royal household instead of the royal treasury, king was too poor to pay workers, free from punishment if protected by Suffolk, tax issues

What was the problem of Suffolk's death?

Dead body ended up on Kent's shores, believed their homes would be destroyed, Suffolk was an enemy of York and Cade used the name Mortimer

What was the problem of Henry VI?

didn't intervene over corruption, abused patronage

When was Cade's Rebellion?

May 1450

When did York first return?

Nov 1450

Why did he return?

to clear his name, to get his loans repaid, to protect his position, to bring justice and end corruption

Explain why York wanted his name cleared when he returned

cade had used the name mortimer, spoke highly of york in their demands, rumours york was behind it, treason etc

explain why he wanted his loans repaid

he was owed £26,000, hadn't been paid wages for ireland lieutenancy, somerset was being rewarded

Why did he want to protect his position?

he was senior noblemen, hier presumptive, wanted at least to be chief advisor, had been politically exiled

Explain the need to return to end corruption

he claimed to attack the 'evil men' who surrounded the king, SEP 1450 he made a public statement calling traitors to be brought to justice -- somerset?

When was the coup on Dartford?

1452

causes of the coup on Dartford

he had accused Somerset of plotting against him, seeking somerset's removal, Henry treated York unfairly, York felt somerset was going unpunished - he received rewards/positions

What were the events of the coup of dartford?

York marched with an armed following, propaganda issues incl an open letter to the people of shrewsbury, Kent/London didn't rise, York forced to swear an oath of allegiance to king and promise to not resort to force for political reasons, politically exiled for 18 months

Why did the coup on dartford fail?

economy was recovering, France campaign going well, open letters forewarned the king, London loyal to the king, Kent didn't rise maybe to harvesting of the heads

When were the harvesting of the heads?

1451

When did Henry VI fall ill first?

August 1453

When did Henry VI first recover?

January 1455

What were the causes of Henry VI's illness?

death of John Talbot and subsequent loss of Gascony in July 1453, stress from travelling and Maggie's pregnancy, hereditary condition

When was Somerset sent to the Tower?

23rd Nov 1453

When was York's first protectorate?

March 1454 - Jan 1455

Why was a Protecter needed from 1453?

death of John Kemp meant government couldn't function - seal was locked away

Describe York's first protectorate

tried to be inclusive, gained support of Neville's (made Earl of Salisbury Chancellor), kept Somerset locked in the Tower without formally charging him, had himself made Captain of Calais in Somerset's place

Describe the reforms of York's first protectorate

cut royal expenditure from£24,000 to £5193, persuaded wool merchants to make loans - raised £30,000, inclusive

When was and what happened at the parliament of Leicester?

April 1455, Yorkists not invited

When was the first Battle of St. Albans?

22nd May 1455

What were the impacts of the first Battle of St. Albans?

development of vendettas, impact on Henry/Maggie/York

How did vendettas develop after the first battle of St. Albans?

specific enemies of York and the Nevilles were killed (somerset, Salisbury), distrust between nobility increased

was the impact of the first St. Albans on Henry VI?

he was wounded and completely under control of others

What was the impact of the first St. Albans on Maggie?

she was now the leader of the Lancastrian party, sets up her court in Coventry with only loyal Lancastrians, she felt that York was a threat to her son

what was the impact of the first St. Albans on York?

he was now the king's chief advisor but had bad relations with nobles

When was York restored as protector?

Nov 1455

Why was York restored as protector?

Yorkist victory at st. Albans, promise of reform, problems in the SW, King's health, lack of an alternative

Explain why yorkist victory helped restore York as protector?

he had rid he kingdom of the 'evil advisor', he was chief advisor

Explain why promise of reform helped restore York as protector?

limits to royal expenditure, declared Gloucester (neutral noble) a 'true subject"

Explain why problems in the SW helped restore York as protector?

Courtenays attacked Bonvilles men and murder his lawyer, illegal actions with no response sets bad example, SW would be where invasions could happen

Explain why the king's health helped restore York as protector?

Henry had suffered a relapse

Explain why lack of an alternative helped restore York as protector?

absence of authority, York was senior male relative

How peaceful was England 1455-1459 regarding the courtenays and the bonvilles?

tension over who was the dominant family, Bonville married Courtenays aunt and his grandson married Salisbury's daughter, Bonvilles lawyer was attacked

How peaceful was England 1455-1459 regarding Wales?

Edmund Tudor seized Carmathan Castle and ended up dead

How peaceful was England 1455-1459 regarding London?

riots surtout on foreign traders, Maggie moved her court, Yorkists would wear padded jackets

How peaceful was England 1455-1459 regarding the Lancastrians and Yorkists?

Loveday, rivals walked arm in arm. Yorkists agreed to fund a chantry for those killed at St. Albans and to pay compensation. Both turned up with an armed following

When was the Loveday?

24th March 1458

Why did peace break down in 1459?

armed followings went everywhere, Warwicks piracy, both sides felt they had enough noble support

When was the Battle of Blore Heath?

23rd Sep 1459

What were the events of Blore Heath?

Queen summoned military forced making it clear that she was moving against York, York organised a meeting at Ludlow castle, Salisbury intercepted but killed Lord Audley, armies met at Ludford Bridge, Yorkists lost support of Calais men

When was Ludford Bridge?

12th Oct 1459

When/where was the Parliament of Devils?

Nov 1459/Coventry

What was the Act of Attainder?

Yorkist lands/titles stripped and heirs were disinherited, left Yorkists with nothing to lose

How did Edward Duke of York win the Crown in 1461?

Henry's failure as a king, londons support, Maggies actions, God's verdict, Warwicks support, Richard Duke of York's opposition, Edward's skills

Why did Henry's failure help Edward win the crown?

he never would've been challenged as there would be no need and no support, rivalry between York and Somerset should have been righted

Why did London's support help Edward win the crown?

When Maggie left London it was an insult and caused bad trade, gave men/money/credibility, strong-links with pro-warwick merchants in calais, Northern host

Why did Maggies actions help Edward win the crown?

left London open, Act of Attainder, gathered an army for the battle of Wakefield and York was killed, leaving london, Northern host

when was the battle of wakefield?

30th Dec 1460

Why did God's verdict help Edward win the crown?

divine power, three suns, Act of Accord, said the Lancastrians were oath-breakers

when was the act of accord?

24th Oct 1460

Why did Warwick's help help Edward win the crown?

powerful/influential, had large armies, had control of Calais

Why did Richard Duke of York's opposition help Edward win the crown?

constantly worried Maggie, act of accord

When did York place his hand on the throne?

8th September 1460

Why did Edward's skills help Edward win the crown?

capable, not Richard duke of York/fresh start, ideal image of a king

Bullet point Edward's first reign

Lancastrian problems, foreign policy, use of patronage, law and order, financial policy, relationship with nobles, warwick, his marriage

Was governance regarding lancastrian problems successful?

removed foreign support, truces with Scotland/France, put Henry in the tower weakening Lancastrian causes, reconciliation, few gentry supported Henry VI's return in 1462, Maggie surrendered Berwick to the scots in 1461 (important town)

Was governance regarding foreign policy successful?

alliance with Burgundy but alliance with France would have been more beneficial, Louis XI brought Warwick and Maggie together, France supported Lancastrians and they took Wales

Was governance regarding patronage at court successful?

got support from Neviiles but ppl suspected corruption and they had TOO much power, lavish court and jousting tournaments showed his skill but made ppl question the use of there tax money

Was governance regarding law and order successful?

dealt with problems himself, set up commissions, limited retainers, disorder in the north in 1467 fuelled by Warwick and Clarence, taxes pocketed by Edward

Was governance regarding financial policy successful?

london merchants lent money, taxes for fake campaigns in 62/68, chamber system meant Edward was directly involved

Was governance regarding relationship with nobles successful?

reconciliations, gave the earldom of Northumberland to the nevilles and then switched to the Percies

Was governance regarding Warwick successful?

he had too much power, by 1464 he had allied with Louis XI, fuelled discontent, his daughter married Henry's son, Warwick's brother released Henry from the tower in 1470

Was governance regarding marriage successful?

Elizabeth Woodville in secret, wasn't good diplomacy, Warwick felt isolated; he'd been in negotiations for a French princess to marry Edward, the Woodvilles sisters stole the good men

Why did Edward lose the throne in 1470?

his own mistakes, warwick's betrayal , Clarence, general discontent, Louis XI, Maggie

Why did his own mistakes make Edward lose the throne?

marriage, treatment of Lord Montague meant Edward faced 2 armies in sep70 and fled to Burgundy, chose Burgundy as an ally

Why did Warwick's betrayal make Edward lose the throne?

raised an army, alliance with Maggie, powerful, issued a manifesto of his objection to the king's council

Why did Clarence make Edward lose the throne?

alliance with Maggie, fuelled discontent

Why did general discontent make Edward lose the throne?

pocketed taxes, poor harvests, commercial treaty with Burgundy

Why did Louis XI make Edward lose the throne?

undermined Edward, brought Warwick and Maggied together

Why did Maggie make Edward lose the throne?

alliances

How did Edward regain the throne in 1471?

alliance with Burgundy gave him 5000 crowns, 18 ships and 1500 men, Henry's gov was weak and unsupported, lack of opposition when he lands in the North, Clarence changes allegiance, Battle of Barnet where Warwick is defeated, Maggie and son defeated at Tewkesbury

When was the Battle of Barnet?

April 1471

When was the Battle of Tewkesbury?

May 1471

When does Henry fund Somerset over York?

1443

How well did Edward IV govern the North?

controlled by the trusted Gloucester/Northumberland, Edwards will enforced through local men but Gloucester then used this to gain the throne in 1483, council of the North dealt with law and order

How well did Edward IV govern Wales?

William Herbert - effective, son - ineffective

Council of Wales - ruled by Edward's son

Woodvilles had too much power, Jasper Tudor removed in 1471 - undermined a non-existent threat

How well did Edward IV govern Ireland?

not a threat, ruled themselves, 1478 Lord Grey ruled for a year only due to resentment

Explain Edward IV's domestic policy - law and order

relied on nobility to keep peace in their respective lands, no major riots after 1471, executed Clarence who had criticised him and accused the queen of witchcraft, tolerated crime surtout inheritance - dukedom of exeter/mowbray estates went to Edward's family and the true heirs were ignored, issued many pardons

Explain Edward IV's domestic policy - royal finance

chamber system allowed him to die solvent, increase in revenue from customers duties - £35,000 a year, actively involved in the export of wool/cloth/tin

Explain Edward's foreign policy 1471-1482

1471 - French threaten Brittany and England send 3000 archers to assist

1472 - Treaty of Chateaugiron - between Brittany/England, England to invade France to draw away French Focus , France withdraws

July 1475 - Edward attacks France with £150,000 backing but Brittany/Burgundy didn't support

29th Aug 1475 - Treaty of Picquiny - no alliances with Burgundy/Scotland, 75,000 crowns asap and 50,000 pension, 10 year truce, trade restrictions lifted, dauphin charles to marry Edward's daughter, support during domestic rebellion

1480 - new treaty with Burgundy - if France stops paying the pension then Burgundy will supply military aid

1480 - scots raid town

1482 - treaty of Aras - dauphin charles to marry Burgundian princess

1482 - Kind James captured - Berwick upon Tweed claimed, attention drawn away from France

Why did Richard III want to be king?

ambition, fear of woodville attack, fear of losing northern lands, belief he was the rightful king and that England need him

Why did Richard III want to be king - ambition

he had been protector, ruthlessness to act, events unfolded slowly

Why did Richard III want to be king - fear of woodville attack

openly said it twice, protectorate only lasted 4 years, he'd arrested Earl of Rivers/Richard Grey, Crowlands chronicle said Woodvilles wanted to dominate government, brought up Edward V

Why did Richard III want to be king - fear of losing northern lands

not secure, protectorate would end

Why did Richard III want to be king - self belief

believe he was the rightful king - illegitimacy rumours spread

belief england needed him - ambition showed devotion to the throne, both of Edwards heirs were too young to ensure security and stability

How was Richard III able to take the crown?

element of surprise, uncertainty of opposition, strength of Richard's power

How did the element of surprise help Richard III take the crown?

Edward V was 12 when Edward IV died, struggle for control of the young king, quick response, he'd been loyal so disposing Edward V was a shock, violence in June - Hastings executed, potential opponents imprisoned, speed meant no chance to create opps

ruthlessness was shocking - rivers/grey killed, princes in the tower

How did uncertainty of opposition help Richard III take the crown?

illegitimacy rumours, confusion on what was actually happening made it hard to rally against Richard, Edward V was 12 and bad memories of minority gov, woodvilles hated

How did the strength of Richards power help him take the crown?

respected by northern nobility/army, small but powerful group of men, Buckingham backed him

How well did Richard III rule? - law and order

emphasised need for justice upon the judges, legal aid for the poor, Council of the North, Scottish war was expo so he called in debts and demanded forced loans, men of ability advise him

How well did Richard III rule? - buckingham rebellion

in support of Henry Tudor, crushed and 100+ people attained - confiscated lands left holes in local gov so northerners were planted which led to more discontent

How well did Richard III rule? - other rebellions

Edward IV's househeld men rebelled, princes in the tower - eliminated threats unlike Edward w Henry VI could be seen as clever but was a main aspect in the uprisings he faced e.g. rising in Essex 1481

How well did Richard III rule? foreign policy

Francis of Brittany provided Henry Tudor with boats/supplies/money, Richard promised that Francis could have Tudor's earldom of Richmond if he handed him over and so Brittany abandoned Tudor

Tudor invaded England in 1485 with French/Breton/Scottish support

When did Edward IV die?

9th April 1483