SOCIOL 1Z03 TEST 4 - Work and the Political Economy, SOCIOL 1Z03 - TEST 4 CRIME UNIT

Economy

Social arrangements that organize the production, distribution, and consumption of goods. Varied over time and space

Economies through time (w name)

Gehard Lenski's classification system reveals how difference subsistence (action of supporting oneself) patterns can result in the emergence of different social arrangements

Hunting and Gathering

small nomadic groups lightly exploiting foods for immediate consumption, everyone participated

Horticulturalism economic (w name)

Lenski (1966) simple and complex horticultural societies- An economic system based on domesticating animals and plants

Pastoralism economic

An economic system based on tending herds of large animals, usually nomadic

Agriculture economic

An economic system that employs plow technology, beginning of sedentary lifestyle,

• Pre-industrial/Feudal economic

Artisanal work (art, crafts, woodworking, pottery…)

• Life revolved largely around farming-family centered

Industrialization economic

An economic system based on using inanimate sources of energy, mass production, exploitative

Post-Industrialization economic

knowledge based activities and the service sector rather than on manufacturing goods

Primary Sector of the Economy

Involves the extraction of raw materials & resources.

Secondary Sector of the Economy

transform raw materials into manufactured goods

Tertiary Sector of the Economy

services, including the creation and distribution of information, most of labour force

Primary Labour Market (core jobs)

-Often requires post-secondary training or education

-Stable and comfortable salary, fringe benefits

Secondary Labour Market (peripheral jobs)

- Insecure and temporary, offer minimal pay, few opportunities to advance

- Jobs in this market often called McJobs

- Devalue, demean and oppress workers

Professions

1. common body of specialized knowledge

2. regulated performance standards

3. representative professional organization

4. perceived by the public as a profession

5. code of ethics

6. formal programme of training and professional development

Labour Unions

Ability of unions to come together depends on:

• labour laws and regulations,

• workers attitudes,

• social and economic context,

• profits, productivity, and competition

• collective bargaining

Functionalism on Work (w name)

Work is an integral part of the social structure, People need to connect to their work

Occupational groups (Durkheim) promote the integration of workers

Conflict Theory on Work (w name)

Alienation of workers (Marx)

De-skilling workers is the trend in industrial production

Alienation

1. Workers no longer owned their goods, what they produced was not important to them (alienated from their product)

2. Their labour devoid of any meaning

3. Fight to get their jobs (alienated from fellow workers)

4. Unable to fulfill all the things we are truly capable of

Symbolic Interactionism on Work (w namesss)

Hughes: social drama of work

The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (Weber, 1904/1958) • Work defined as the expression of one’s commitment to God, referred to as “The Calling”

Work is central to our self-concept. We are intensely identified with our work, both by ourselves and by others.

Feminist Theory on Work

Separate lives for working women, Bifurcated consciousness (Dorothy Smith): living in two worlds

Women's unpaid work

Need broader definition of labour

Capitalism

An economic system based on private ownership of capital, pure capitalism does not exist

State/Welfare Capitalism

free-market principles with varying degrees of social welfare programs. Ex. business offering some type of welfare service to its employees: offering healthcare, disability, vision, and dental as part of their hiring package

Socialism

the means of production should be owned by the community as a whole. Different from communism because instead of the resources being controlled by the state it is shared by all citizens by a democratically-elected government

State

Institutions that maintain a monopoly over the legitimate use of force in a given territory

Political Economy (w namesss)

• Wallace Clement: Defining feature of Canadian Sociology

• Harold Innes: The staples thesis – Canadian development based on exploitation of raw materials for export

The interaction between politics and the economy in a given country or internationally, to include how politics relate to economies and the social and cultural constitution of markets

Domination

Situations in which an entire group of people could be directed to comply with commands

Authority

Describes the situation in which subordinates consider the domination by leaders to be legitimate

Three Types of Authority

• traditional: legitimized by respect for long-established cultural patterns

• charismatic: authority that rests on the personal appeal of an individual leader

• rational-legal: legitimized by laws, rules, and regulations

Bureaucracy (w name)

a rational and efficient form of organization founded on logic, order, and legitimate authority

• Max Weber: extensive division of labour • Written policies and procedures for workers and customers/clients, hierarchy of authority, performance based- iron cage, dehumanizing

Corporations

a company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity (legally a person) and recognized as such in law. they suck

Democracy

• Participatory democracy: citizens involved personally in decision making

• Representative democracy: citizens elect representatives to act on their behalf

Crime

Designates certain behaviours and actions that require social control and social intervention, codified in law

Deviance

Actions that violate social norms, and that may or may not be against the law. Most crimes are understood as deviant but not all deviance is considered crime.

Social Deviance (w names)

Any acts that involve the violation of social norms.

• (Howard Becker) Not the act itself, rather people's reaction to the act that makes it deviant

• Erving Goffman (1963) • Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity

• who defines deviance?

Rational Choice Theory, classic criminology

Behaviour not the result of supernatural forces, but rather purposeful for criminals

• The fear of punishment can control people's choices

• Criminal solutions are seen as more attractive than lawful ones if they require less work for a greater payoff

• society must act swiftly with punishment

Beccaria and Bentham

• If crime results in some form of pleasure for the criminal, then pain must be used to prevent crime

• Sentences must be proportionate to the seriousness of the crime

• argued that younger offenders should be treated differently than adult offenders as a result of their age, maturity and decision-making abilities

Positivism

- The application of the scientific approach to the social world

- Biological determinism: the hypothesis that biological factors completely determine a person's behaviour

Cesare Lombroso

father of modern criminology who coined the concept of the Criminal Man: distinguished by an asymmetrical face, large ears, particular eye defects, etc. • People are born criminal

Functionalism on Crime

• Roots in Emile Durkheim’s notion of anomie

• Rules governing behaviour break down resulting in people no longer knowing what to expect from one another

• has certain functions: Clarifies moral boundaries, Promotes social unity, Promotes social change

Merton's Strain Theory

explains deviance in terms of a society's cultural goals and the means available to achieve them. occurs when there aren't enough legitimate opportunities for people to achieve the normal success goals of a society

Goals:

1. Conformity

2. Innovation

3. Ritualism

4. Retreatism

5. Rebellion

Illegitimate Opportunity Theory (w namess)

Cloward and Ohlin extend strain theory by considering specific environments: the assertion that individuals commit crime as a result of deviant learning environments

Conflict Theory on Crime

Crime is the product of class struggle. Challenges the commonly held belief that law is neutral and reflects the interests of society as a whole.

• role of bias in justice

Saints and Roughnecks (conflict) (w name)

• William Chambliss (1973)

Hypothesized that the label of Deviant is a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Of 16 high school boys, The Saints were well-to-do and well-liked, while the Roughnecks were poorer and discriminated against.

Chambliss found the labeling of the boys effected others perceptions and treatment of them for the same transgressions, and how their lives followed this same path.

Symbolic Interactionism on Crime

Criminal behaviour learned through interactions with others (sutherland, becker)

Differential Association Theory (Sutherland)

People learn criminal behaviour through social interaction • “Excess of definitions” lead us to conform or deviate

Labelling Theory (Becker)

- Based on reactions of others to an individual's act; response leads to the labelling of a person as deviant

- No act inherently deviant until a group with socially powerful statuses labels it as such

Feminist Theory of Crime

Historically female criminals viewed as ‘sick’ or ‘pathological’ • Chivalry hypothesis • Women who commit violence are constructed as ‘victims’, ‘mad’ and ‘bad’

Consensus View of Crime

The majority of citizen's in society share common ideals and work toward a common good.

Conflict View of Crime

law as a tool to protect the haves from the have-nots • Protects the property of those in power,

Critical Legal Studies

Focuses on contradictions and inconsistencies of the law • Rejects notion that law can ever be value-free

Feminist Legal Studies

- How law plays a role maintaining women's subordinate status

- Look at how gender and sexuality are taken up in legal discourse

Moral Panic

a widespread, but disproportionate, reaction to a form of deviance (constructed by the media)

Women's Fear of Crime

Men are more likely than women to be victims of crime; women have higher fear of crime.

Moral Regulation

• public order/victimless rimes

• The constitution of certain behaviours as immoral and thereby considered crimes (e.g., sex work, gambling, pornography, substance abuse)

Canada RULE OF LAW

no person, including monarchs, government officials, and police officers, is above the law, and that state power should not be arbitrarily applied

Moral entrepreneurs

powerful groups whose who influence or change the creation or enforcement of a society’s moral codes (Becker, 1963;