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Responsible for communication between cells of the body through a system of rapid electrical impulses.
Sensory (afferent) Division
Motor (efferent) Division
Not under conscious control; controls glands and smooth muscles of internal organs; can be divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic
properties of neurons
do not undergo mitosis, can survive an entire lifetime, and can only go a few minutes without oxygen
neuron information travel
sent and received in the same direction
Synthesizes all nerve cell products, consists of a large nucleus with surrounding cytoplasm containing the normal organelles
Receiving end of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses toward the cell body via numerous short extensions
Conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body to its axon terminals; can vary in length
Chemicals stored in secretory vesicles at the end of the axon terminals, carrying nerve impulse transmissions between neurons; produced by the cell body
A gap between two neurons for neurotransmitter crossing; fluid filled
Neurons with three or more extensions; one axon with many dendrites. typically motor neurons.
Neurons with a central cell body and two extensions, found as receptor cells in the visual and olfactory systems
Neurons with one extension that branches into two; one central process running to the CNS and another peripheral process running to the sensory receptor.
Sensory Neurons (afferent)
Unipolar neurons carrying information from the peripheral to the central nervous system; most with impulses from the skin or internal organs to the CNS
Typically multipolar neurons found only in the central nervous system, transmitting impulses between different CNS; connects neurons
Motor Neurons (efferent)
Neuroglial cells in the PNS that are composed of a myelin sheath.
Gaps between Schwann cell insulating sections.
Process where Schwann cells create a path for the axon to follow as it grows; very slow process
Cells that circulate cerebrospinal fluid and facilitate fluid exchange between the brain, spinal cord, and cerebrospinal fluid.
Control the chemical environment of neurons by wrapping around the blood capillaries
Protect the CNS by scavenging dead cells and infectious microorganisms.
An electrochemical charge moving along an axon created by ionic movement through an axon’s plasma membrane
When the axon is not conducting an impulse, equal to about -70mV.
quantities pumped by sodium potassium pump
three sodium out, two potassium in
The sodium gates open, and sodium rushes into the axon during the depolarization phase of the action potential. Voltage travels to zero and then on up to +40 mV.
Sodium gates close and potassium gates open, allowing potassium to rush out of the axon; returns voltage negativity to the inside of the axon
Afterpolarization/hyperpolarization
Potassium gates close slowly and there is an undershoot of potential; voltage drops below -70mV before returning to resting state at -70mV
The ion channels are prompted to open whenever the membrane potential decreases (depolarizes) in an adjacent area, travels the axon like a wave
Dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, acetylcholine.
Synapses between motor neurons and muscles in the peripheral nervous system; contains acetylcholine
nearly instantaneous, automatic, and involuntary motor responses.
Part where sensory info enters the spinal cord; contains axons of sensory neurons
contains cell bodies of neurons, where neurons synapse with other neurons
Occur faster than conscious decisions due to fewer involved neurons and not having to travel to the brain
Type of muscle reflex protecting muscles from overstretching; helps maintain upright posture
Specialized muscle cells monitoring muscle stretch, triggers a reflex when overstretched
Contracts the biceps and prevents contraction of the triceps to flex the elbow and remove it from heat