nervous system

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74 Terms

1
Nervous System
Receives information, processes information, and sends out signals to muscles and glands to elicit an appropriate response.
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Nervous Tissue

Responsible for communication between cells of the body through a system of rapid electrical impulses.

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Nuclei
Collections of cell bodies inside the central nervous system.
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Tracts
Collection of nerve axons in the central nervous system.
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Peripheral Nervous System
Includes all nerves not in the brain or spinal cord, connecting all parts of the body to the central nervous system.
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Brainstem
Includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla.
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Cranial Nerves
Project from the brainstem, generally innervate the face, head, and neck.
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Spinal Nerves
Project from either side of the spinal cord, spread out to innervate the rest of the body.
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Ganglia
Collections of cell bodies inside the peripheral nervous system.
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Nerves
Collection of nerve axons in the peripheral nervous system.
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Sensory (afferent) Division

Part of the peripheral nervous system that receives impulses from sensory organs.
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Motor (efferent) Division

Relays signals from the central nervous system to muscles and glands; can be divided into somatic and autonomic.
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13
Somatic Nervous System
Generally under conscious (voluntary) control.
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Autonomic Nervous System

Not under conscious control; controls glands and smooth muscles of internal organs; can be divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic

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Sympathetic Nervous System
Activates and prepares the body for vigorous muscular activity, stress, and emergencies.
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
Operates during normal situations, permits digestion, and conserves energy.
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Neurons
Nerve cells that conduct electrical impulses and relay information throughout the body.
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properties of neurons

do not undergo mitosis, can survive an entire lifetime, and can only go a few minutes without oxygen

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neuron information travel

sent and received in the same direction

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Neuron Cell Body

Synthesizes all nerve cell products, consists of a large nucleus with surrounding cytoplasm containing the normal organelles

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Dendrites

Receiving end of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses toward the cell body via numerous short extensions

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Axon

Conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body to its axon terminals; can vary in length

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Neurotransmitters

Chemicals stored in secretory vesicles at the end of the axon terminals, carrying nerve impulse transmissions between neurons; produced by the cell body

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Synapse

A gap between two neurons for neurotransmitter crossing; fluid filled

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Presynaptic Neuron
The signal-sending neuron before the synapse.
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Postsynaptic Neuron
The neuron found after the synapse that receives the signal.
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Multipolar Neurons

Neurons with three or more extensions; one axon with many dendrites. typically motor neurons.

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Bipolar Neurons

Neurons with a central cell body and two extensions, found as receptor cells in the visual and olfactory systems

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Unipolar Neurons

Neurons with one extension that branches into two; one central process running to the CNS and another peripheral process running to the sensory receptor.

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Sensory Neurons (afferent)

Unipolar neurons carrying information from the peripheral to the central nervous system; most with impulses from the skin or internal organs to the CNS

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Interneurons

Typically multipolar neurons found only in the central nervous system, transmitting impulses between different CNS; connects neurons

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Motor Neurons (efferent)

Multipolar neurons sending messages from the central nervous system to the peripheral nervous system.
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Nerve
Consists of hundreds of thousands of axons wrapped together in connective tissue.
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Neuroglial Cells
Support cells important for neuron function.
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Schwann Cells

Neuroglial cells in the PNS that are composed of a myelin sheath.

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Myelin Sheath
A white fatty layer insulating the nerve fiber and increasing the speed of nerve impulses.
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Nodes of Ranvier

Gaps between Schwann cell insulating sections.

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Saltatory Conduction
Method for nerve impulse to jump to the next node.
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Satellite Cells
Surround peripheral neuron cell bodies, regulating their environment.
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Axonal Regeneration

Process where Schwann cells create a path for the axon to follow as it grows; very slow process

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Ependymal Cells

Cells that circulate cerebrospinal fluid and facilitate fluid exchange between the brain, spinal cord, and cerebrospinal fluid.

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Oligodendrocytes
Cells that act as insulation for central nervous system axons.
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Astrocytes

Control the chemical environment of neurons by wrapping around the blood capillaries

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Blood Brain Barrier
Physical barrier formed by astrocytes allowing selective substance passage into CNS.
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Microglial Cells

Protect the CNS by scavenging dead cells and infectious microorganisms.

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Nerve Impulse

An electrochemical charge moving along an axon created by ionic movement through an axon’s plasma membrane

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Polarized
State of an axon at rest with different charges on either side of the membrane.
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Resting Potential

When the axon is not conducting an impulse, equal to about -70mV.

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Sodium Potassium Pump
Active transport mechanism pumping sodium out and potassium into the cell.
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quantities pumped by sodium potassium pump

three sodium out, two potassium in

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Action Potential
Stimulated axon's rapid polarity change that leads to nerve impulse conduction.
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Resting Potential
Both sodium and potassium gates are closed.
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Depolarization

The sodium gates open, and sodium rushes into the axon during the depolarization phase of the action potential. Voltage travels to zero and then on up to +40 mV.

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Repolarization

Sodium gates close and potassium gates open, allowing potassium to rush out of the axon; returns voltage negativity to the inside of the axon

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Afterpolarization/hyperpolarization

Potassium gates close slowly and there is an undershoot of potential; voltage drops below -70mV before returning to resting state at -70mV

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Self-Propagating

The ion channels are prompted to open whenever the membrane potential decreases (depolarizes) in an adjacent area, travels the axon like a wave

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Acetylcholinesterase
Enzyme that breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
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Inhibition
Prevention of continuous stimulation.
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Neurotransmitter Examples

Dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, acetylcholine.

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Neuromuscular Junctions

Synapses between motor neurons and muscles in the peripheral nervous system; contains acetylcholine

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Reflexes

nearly instantaneous, automatic, and involuntary motor responses.

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Reflex Arc
Neural pathway a nerve impulse travels.
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Dorsal Root

Part where sensory info enters the spinal cord; contains axons of sensory neurons

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Grey Matter

contains cell bodies of neurons, where neurons synapse with other neurons

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White Matter
Contains axons of neurons, surrounding grey matter.
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Dorsal Root Ganglion
Contains cell bodies of sensory nerves.
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Posterior Horn
Where sensory neurons synapse on cells.
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Anterior Horn
Location of motor neuron cell bodies.
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69
Ventral Root
Where motor neurons exit the spinal nerve.
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70
Spinal Reflexes

Occur faster than conscious decisions due to fewer involved neurons and not having to travel to the brain

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Stretch Reflexes

Type of muscle reflex protecting muscles from overstretching; helps maintain upright posture

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Muscle Spindles

Specialized muscle cells monitoring muscle stretch, triggers a reflex when overstretched

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Patellar Reflex
Prevents quadriceps overstretching.
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Flexor Withdrawal Reflex

Contracts the biceps and prevents contraction of the triceps to flex the elbow and remove it from heat

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