Chapter 12: Spinal cord and spinal nerves

The brain and spinal cord is part of which division, central nervous system or peripheral nervous system?

Central nervous system

the cranial nerves and spinal nerves are part of which division, central nervous system or peripheral nervous system

peripheral nervous system

cranial nerves arise from what

brain

spinal nerves arise from what

spinal cord

what are the subdivisions of peripheral nervous system

sensory and motor division

is sensory afferent or efferent

afferent

define afferent

carry information towards central nervous system

define efferent

carry information away from central nervous system

which subdivision of peripheral nervous system bring information to central nervous system

sensory

which subdivision of peripheral nervous system take information away from central nervous system

motor

the somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system are components of what

peripheral nervous system

what are the subdivision of the motor division

somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

what does somatic nervous system connect

connect central nervous system to skin and skeletal muscles (conscious acitivites)

are somatic nervous system conscious activities or subconscious activities

conscious activities

what does autonomic nervous system connect

central nervous system to viscera

is autonomic nervous system conscious activity or subconscious activity

subconscious activity

what is the subdivision of autonomic division

sympathetic and parasympathetic divison

where does the spinal cord extends from

foramen magnum down to second lumbar vertebra

what is the spinal cord composed of

segments, each associated with a pair of nerves

how are segments in the spinal cord identified?

according to the portion of the vertebral column from which their nerves enter and exit

what are the segments of the spinal cord

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral

the spinal cord give rise to what

31 pairs of spinal nerves

the spinal cord is not what

uniform in diameter throughout length

what are the 2 enlargement of the spinal cord

cervical enlargement and lumbar enlargement

what do cervical enlargement supply?

upper limbs

what supplies upper limbs

cervical enlargement

what does lumbar enlargement supply?

lower limbs

what supplies lower limbs

lumbar enlargement

conus medullaris and cauda equina are part of what

spinal cord

where is conus medullaris located

tapered inferior end

cauda equina are origins of what

spinal nerves

where does cauda equina extend

inferiorly from conus medullaris

function of spinal cord

provide 2 way communication to and from brain and body and is the major reflex center

what is the major reflex center

spinal cord

what provides a two way communication to and from brain and body

spinal cord

what are the three layers of connective tissue membrane that protects the brain and spinal cord of the central nervous system

dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

what is dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

connective tissue membrane that surrounds the spinal cord and brain of the central nervous system

define dura mater

thickest outer layer

define arachnoid mater

thin and wispy middle layer

define pia mater

bound tightly to surface of brain and spinal cord

what does pia mater form

filum terminale, which anchors spinal cord to coccyx

function of filum terminale

anchors spinal cord to coccyx

What are the spaces in the spinal cord?

Epidermal, subdural, and subarachnoid

Epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid are what

spaces in the spinal cord

epidural space is the location for what

epidural anesthesia

what does the epidural space contain

blood vessels, areolar connective tissues and fat

what is subdural

serous fluid

what is in the subarachnoid space

Cerebrospinal fluid and blood vessels within web like strands of arachnoid tissue

what are the two major groves in the spinal cord

anterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus

define two major groves in spinal cord

Deep clefts partially separating left and right halves

what are the two matter in the spinal cord

white matter and gray matter

what is white matter

myelinated axons forming tracts

white matter has three what

columns known as funiculi

the three column in white matter is divided into what

tract pathways

what are the three columns in white matter

ventral, dorsal, and lateral

what does gray matter consists

neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and axons

gray matter have what

horns

what horns are found in gray matter

posterior (dorsal), anterior (ventral), and lateral (associated with autonomic nervous system)

in gray matter and spinal roots, what resembles the butterfly

cross section

how many areas of gray matter are there

3

what are the three areas of gray matter

dorsal horns, ventral horns, and lateral horns

dorsal horns, ventral horns, and lateral horns are what

areas of gray matter

function of dorsal horns

receive somatic/visceral sensory input

what are ventral horns

somatic motor neurons

lateral horns are located only where

thoracic regions

lateral horns are what kind of neurons

sympathetic neurons

define commissures

connections between left and right halves

where are commissures located

in gray matter

what commissure is found in gray matter

central canal commissure

function of central canal commissure

runs length of cord filled with cerebrospinal fluid