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What is Short-Term Memory (STM)
a store of memory that temporarily stores a limited amount of information that is consciously being attended to and actively manipulated
What type of information does STM hold
Information you are consciously thinking about at any moment
Where can the information in STM come from
From sensory memory (via attention) or long-term memory (via recall)
How does information move from sensory memory to STM
By paying attention to it
How does information move from long-term memory to STM
By choosing to recall it into conscious awareness
Why is STM also called "working memory"
Because you are consciously aware of and manipulating the information it holds
What is the function of Short-Term Memory (STM)
To temporarily store a limited amount of information that is consciously being attended to and actively manipulated
How much information can STM hold
7 ± 2 items (5 to 9 pieces of information)
What is the duration of STM
18 to 30 seconds
What can happen to information that reaches STM
discarded
changed by further encoding
retained while being used
How can information from long-term memory (LTM) enter STM
By being retrieved into conscious awareness
What are three processes that can increase the capacity and duration of STM
Chunking
Maintenance rehearsal
Elaborative rehearsal
What is chunking
Grouping smaller 'chunks' of information into larger chunks to hold more information in STM
Give an example of chunking
Breaking a 10-digit phone number into 3 chunks of 3–4 digits to make it easier to remember
What is maintenance rehearsal
Repeating new information over and over to keep it in STM for as long as possible
How does maintenance rehearsal affect STM duration
Each rehearsal refreshes the 18–30 second duration that information can be stored in STM
What is elaborative rehearsal
Linking new information meaningfully to information already stored in long-term memory
Give an example of elaborative rehearsal
Remembering a new co-worker's name by relating it to a family member's name
How can rehearsal (in a broad sense) be used in STM
It can be used to extend the duration of short-term memory