Speech and Hearing Science Quiz 4

4 acoustic cues of stops

4 acoustic cues of stops

• Silence

• burst noise

• VOT burst to onset of voicing

• post-stop vowel formant transition

silence (stop gap)

from occlusion to release

voiceless stops

complete silence

voiced stops

• varying amount of silence (transglottal flow dependent)

• voicing is low amplitude due to damping

• seen as voice bar on spectrogram

release burst

transient burst of noise upon release of the occlusion and impounded air

• "pop" sound on microphones

aspiration

coarticulation effect in English. "Likely a function of transition of vocal folds from unvoicing to voicing (vocal folds moving back to phonation position)"

• brief hiss of air

when does aspiration occur after voiceless stops

sometimes

when does aspiration occur after voiced stops

never

Voice Onset Time (VOT)

the time from release of stop closure to onset of voicing

Voicing lead

voicing begins before stop release

zero onset/ short-lag

voicing begins very shortly after stop release (normal)

long-lag

voicing begins well after release

fricatives

characterized by friction, hiss, and noise

function of fricatives

• narrowing of articulators

• infraoral pressure generated

• velopharyngeal port closed

Aperiodic sound source in upper vocal tract =

airflow forced through constriction creates turbulence

• voiced or voiceless

Aperiodic sound source can be formed as:

• labiodental [f, v]

• interdental [theta, voiced 'th']

• alveolar [s, z]

• post-alveolar [S, 3]

glottal fricative /h/

no supraglottal constriction

acoustics of affricates

• consist of a stop releasing into a fricative

• /+S/ and /d3/

Acoustics of affricates show features from stops and fricatives

• silent/voiced closure region

• release burst

• frictation noise

nasals

similar to stops, there is blockage between two articulators in the vocal tract. d

difference between nasals and stops

the velopharyngeal port is OPEN in nasal and CLOSED in stops

open velopharyngeal port =

lowered velum

glides

tongue shifts rapidly from its position for one vowel to a position for another vowel. The sound emerges during the shift

/j/

the tongue starts out high and somewhat forward in the oral cavity and shifts to high and back

/w/

the tongue starts out high back and shifts to high front