Gov Final full of doom and dread

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Civil Liberties

basic freedoms to think and act that all people have and that are protected against government abuse

Civil Rights

rights of fair and equal status and treatment and the right to participate in government

1st Amendment: freedoms and restrictions

freedoms: Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, and Petition

restrictions: limits on harming others, Libel, obscenity, threats

2nd Amendment

Protects right to keep and bear arms

5th Amendment

Protects against self-incrimination, double jeopardy, and guarantees due process

Immunity

Legal protection from prosecution or lawsuits

Reconstruction Amendments (& purpose)

13th = Abolished Slavery
14th = Gave former slaves citizenship & equal protection
15th = Gave former slaves voting rights
Purpose: To give former slaves equal rights

Jim Crow laws (Before Civil Rights movement)

State & local laws enforcing racial segregation

Women’s Suffrage and issues with 15th Amendment

The 15th Amendment did not include women’s right to vote

24th Amendment

Prohibits poll taxes in federal elections

Search warrant

Legal document allowing law enforcement to search private property

Double jeopardy

When a person is tried twice for the same offense

Grand jury & Indictment

Grand jury: determines whether or not there’s enough evidence to charge someone with a crime

Indictment: formal charge being issued

Defamation

A false statement intended to harm another

Slander vs. Libel

Slander: spoken defamation

Libel: written/printed defamation

Treason

Levying war against the US or aiding its enemies

NY Times v. Sullivan

Established the “actual” malice standard for defamation if public figures

Roe v. Wade

Recognized a woman’s constitutional right to privacy extends to abortion

Korematsu v. US & executive order 9066

Allowed Japanese interment during WWII

Texas v. Johnson

Protected flag burning as an act of free speech under the 1st Amendment

Plessy v. Ferguson

Upheld “seperate but equal” segregation

Loving v. Virginia

Ruled that laws banning interracial marriage violated the 15th Amendment

Bradwell v. Illinois

Denied women the right to practice law

Little Rock 9

A group of 9 black students that integrated into Central High School in 1957

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Protest led by Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King Jr. ending segregation on public buses

Bloody Sunday

A 1965 march in Selma, Alabama where civil rights protesters were brutally attacked by police, bringing attention to civil rights

March on Washington for civil rights

1963 protest demanding end to segregation, fair wages, economic justice, voting rights, education & civil rights protection

NAACP main method for social progress

lawsuits, legal challenges & court cases

American with Disabilities Act 1990

Prohibited discrimination based on disability in jobs, schools, & transportation

Immigration policy 19th ce

encouraged free & open immigration but later added restrictions

Naturalization

process which non-citizens must go through to become US citizens

Asylum seekers

Individuals seeking protection in another country due to their country’s oppressive gov

Executive War Pawers Act 1973 (president limitation)

Limits the president’s power to commit US forces to armed conflict w/o Congress approval

Electoral college (state representation, how its calculated)

Determines the president based on the number of senators + representatives per state

EOP and Council of Economic Advisors

Includes advisors who provide economic analysis and policy recommendations

Office of Management and Budget

Prepares federal budget & oversees its implementation

Budget Committee vs. Appropriations Committee

Budget Committee: Set spending limit

Appropriations Committee: Allocate funds to specific programs

The Fed and Monetary Policy (reasons why it would raise or lower interest rates)

Adjusts interest rates & money supply to stabilize the economy.

Raising rates = combat inflation

Lowers = spur eco. growth

Progressive tax and common examples

Higher income → higher tax rate

eg. federal income tax

Regressive tax and common examples

Low income owners pay a larger percentage income than middle-high income earners eg. sales tax

FDA’s executive department

Part of the department of Health and Human services regulating food, drugs, and cosmetics

Executive department leaders

Heads of fed agencies, appointed by president and confirmed by senate

Presidential Succession Act (1947) next in line after president (1) and (2)

1. Vice president

2. Speaker of the house

Spoil system

practice of rewarding political supporters with government jobs

Executive Agreement

International agreements made by the president, without senate approval

Executive Order

Directors issued by president to manage operations of federal government

Executive Privilege

The president’s right to withhold information from Congress or Courts