Unit 1 AP European History

renaissance

a distinct awakening for Europeans after the "darkness" of the Middle Ages during the fifteenth and sixteenth

individualism

emphasis on and interest in the unique traits for each person

secularism

the process of becoming more concerned with the world and less on religion and spirituality

humanism

a literary and educational movement that was truly modern in that a class of non-clerical writers concerned themselves with secular issues but based their answers to current problems on the wisdom of the ancient Greeks and Romans.

virtu

"the quality of being a man"

christian humanism

an intellectual movement in Northern Europe in the late 15th and early 16th centuries that combined the interest in the classics of the Italian renaissance, with an interest in the sources of early Christianity, including the New Testament and writings of the church doctrines

printing press

a machine that allowed for mass production of religious and other literary titles

reading revolution

caused by the printing press, reading became an individualized activity; books became cheaper, and ideas, propaganda, and education stimulus were able to speed more quickly

mysticism

the belief that an individual, alone, unaided by church or sacraments, could commune with God

bourgeoisie

servant-keeping middle class of France

papal bull

an official proclamation that demanded Luther's recantation

predestination

the idea that since God knows even before both whether a person is saved or damned, there is nothing anyone can do to win salvation

civic humanism

an intellectual movement of the Italian renaissance that saw Cierco as the ideal and held that humanists should be involved in government and use rhetorical training in the service of the state.

neoplatonism

a revival of platonic philosophy; similar revival in the Renaissance, associated with Ficino, who attempted to merge Christianity and Platonism

hermeticism

an intellectual movement that thought that divinity is embodied in all aspects of nature; included works on alchemy and magic as well as theology and philosophy; later led to the Scientific Revolution

pantheism

a doctrine that equates God with the universe and all that is in it

new monarchies

the governments of France, England, and Spain at the end of the 15th century, whose rulers succeeded in reestablishing or extending centralized royal authority, suppressing the nobility, controlling the church, and insisting on the loyalty of all peoples living in their territories

nepotism

the appointment of family members to important political positions; derived from the regular appointment of nephews (Latin, neons) by Renaissance popes

pluralism

the practice of holding several church offices simultaneously; a problem of the late medieval church

confession

one of the seven sacraments of the Catholic Church; it provided for the forgiveness of one's sins

justification

act by which a person is made deserving of salvation

transubstantiation

a doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church that during the Eucharist, the substance of bread and wine is miraculously transformed into the body and blood of Jesus

millenarism

the belief that the end of the world is at hand and the kingdom of God is about to be established on Earth

huguenots

French Calvinists

politiques

a group who emerged during the French Wars of religion in the 16th century, placed politics above religion and believed that knowing the truth was worth civil war

puritans

English Protestants inspired by Calvinism who wished to remove all traces of Catholicism from the church of England

Catholic Reformation

the movement for the reform of the Catholic Church in the 16th century; included a review papacy; regeneration of old religious orders and new ones, most notably the Jesuits; reaffirmation of the traditional Catholic doctrine

• The Republic of Florence

• Republic of Genoa

• Rome (the Papal States)

• Kington of Naples

• Venice

• Milan

what were the major city-states of Italy?

The Medici Family

the most famous dynasty of merchants and bankers who used their vast wealth to govern the city-states and to patronize illustrious creators in the arts; served the papacy

Hanseatic League

a merchant group originating from Germany with monopoly in Northern Europe through timber, fish, metals, etc.; eventually declines to the rise of merchant power from Venetians

nobility loss political power to monarchs, and began to serve monarchs

what happened to the nobility after the Hundred Years War?

art became a more regarded and appreciated thing; artists became better paid and were more respected

how was art regarded during and after the Renaissance?

Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo

who dominated most of the Artistic Renaissance?

Leonardo da Vinci

personification of the "Renaissance Painter"; painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, writer, and scientist; painted the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper

Michealangelo

primarily a sculptor whose Pieta is often considered the most perfect marble carving; paintings featured on the Sistine Chapel and David; influenced by Neoplatonism

Raphael

considered one of the greatest painters of any era; his portraits and Madonnas epitomize the Renaissance style; "beauty past standards"

David

the most noticeable statue carved from Donatello, it is the first know life-size, freestanding nude sculpture in European art since antiquity; radiated strength that reflected dignity of humanity

1) Mathematical side of painting

High Renaissance

final stage of Renaissance art, between 1480 and 1520

gothic cathedrals; painters emphasized emotional intensity of religious

what was the main focus of the Northern Artistic Renaissance?

Jan van Eyck

first Northern artist to use oil paint; famous for his excellent (often symbolic) paintings with meticulous detail that focused on either religious or secular themes

societal hierarchy: First Estate (clergy), Second Estate (nobility), and Third Estate (peasants and townspeople)

how was society divided in the Renaissance?

nobles

lost reigning power to monarchs, but still remained very powerful and wealthy; consisted of 2-3% of the population; Castiglione set critiques for how they should act

peasants and townspeople

peasants were able to get jobs after the Black Death, as the wages were increased due to massive amounts of death, while townspeople were diverse economically and socially; made up 85-90% of the population

-arranged marriages for dowries and economic benefits

-husband/father- center for Italian family

what were the marriage norms during the renaissance?

• wife managed the household, and were expected to bear children (though it was feared bc of high childbirth death rate)

• prominent age differences in marriages

• prostitution was very common; "a necessary vice"

• extramarital relationships common

what were sexual norms during the renaissance?

France and Spain

which two nations were at odds with each other over Italy?

Dante

influenced the standard form of modern Italian

Petrarch

considered the first "modern" writer and the father of Italian Renaissance Humanism; first intellectual to characterize the middle ages as a period of darkness; gave massive tribute to writes such as Plato and Cierco ("Christ is my God: Cierco is the prince of language."

Leonardo Bruni

wrote "The New Cierco" and was one of the first humanists to gain knowledge through Greek

Castiglione

offered insight for how a noble should act in his "Book of Courtier"

Machiavelli

wrote "The Prince" in order to show treatise on political science, and offer an observation of how governments actually rule without moral judgement or exhortation

Erasmus

personified Christian humanism; disdained the middled ages and wrote in humanist issues in purified Latin; wrote new Greek and Latin issues of the Bible; most famous and influential intellectual individual of his time. praised the love of God and salvation

humanism popularized education; produced citizens that could participate in the community and stressed liberal studies; geared toward the elite with a low female enrollment

how did humanism influence education?

Johann Guttenberg

German credited with inventing the printing press

Guttenburg's Bible

the first title to be printed in the West

the printing press

what advantages did the Protestants have over the Catholics?

devastated, but increased sense of nationalism and a renewal of commerce increased the nation's power

how did the Hundred Years War affect France?

King Louis XI

greatly advanced the French territorial state; maintained taille as a permanent tax; crate a base for later development of a strong French monarchy

Charles the Bold

attempted to create a Middle Kingdom between France and Germany

strained the economy, which led to civil wars such as the "Wars of Roses". Tudor dynasty comes in and Henry VII leaves England with diplomacy and in good shape

how did the Hundred Years War affect England?

1485

when does Henry VII defeat Richard III and the Tudor Dynasty begins?

Henry VII

ended "livery and maintenance"- wealthy aristocrats maintained private armies; used diplomacy to avoid war and saved money, making him popular

Isabella and Ferdinand

which marriage strengthened Spain's power and influence?

Jews and Muslims

which two religious groups were exiled and persecuted?

Habsburg Dynasty

which dynasty ruled the HRE?

English Lollardy

created by John Wycliffe; alleged there was no basis in scripture for papal claims of temporal authority (popes should be stripped of authority) and the Bible should be a Christian's sole authority; condemned pilgrimages, veneration of saints, and a whole series of rituals developed in the medieval church

Hussitism

created by John Huss; urged the elimination of wordiness and corruption of the clergy and attacked excessive power of the papacy within the church

1) Sacrosancta

2) Frequens

what two decrees did the council of the church pass during the Renaissance that ultimately?

Julius II

the pope that was most involved in war and politics; patronized many Renaissance artists; "the warrior pope"

Alexander IV

bribed his way into the papacy and gave papal land to children; great patron of the arts

Leo X

part of the Medici family, used culture as a deeply involved participant of the church, and ordered Raphael for paintings tat accelerated Rome's literary and artistic status; failed to realize the importance of the Reformation

Reform Program

education through classical antiquity that could bring religious feeling, which led to the reform of church and society

Erasmus

who laid the egg that Luther hatched?

Thomas More

believed in civic humanism and wrote "Utopia"; humble servant of Henry VIII who was ultimately executed as a result of his devotion to the Catholic Church

modern devotion

downplayed religious dogma and stressed the need to follow the teachings of Jesus

Johannes of Kaisersberg

denounced corruption of the clergy

Oratory of Divine Love

an informal group who worked to foster reform by emphasizing personal development and charity

the assurance of salvation

what was Luther's major concern?

1) Corruption of the Catholic Church

2) Impact of Renaissance humanism

3) Prosperity that brought the "virtue of poverty" into disrepute

4) Declining prestige of the papacy

5) Influence of religious reformers (like Wycliffe and Huss)

6) Resentment of secular rulers over the power of the popes and clergy

7) Resistance to HRE's Charles V

8) Invention of Printing Press

what were the 8 major causes of the Protestant Reformation?

Ninety-Five Theses

Luther's response to the sale of indulgences; stressed the gurantee of eternal damnation of continued