The American Journey Chapter 2: Transplantation and Adaptation

CHAPTER 2.1

How did a partnership between the French and Indians begin?

1. Fur trade. French fishermen Indians were willing to trade beaver pelts for European goods. The start of a new partnership.
2. Fur trade would also lead the French to support Indians in their wars against other tribes.
3. French Jesuits introduce Indians to Christianity

How did New France developed?

In 1608, Samuel de Champlin led an expedition of St. Lawrence River to settle in Quebec, Canada. Fur trade earnings benefited the rise of New England.

The slow rise of New France

Despite the campaigns to encourage migration to New France, people were not willling to migrate to the Americas.
Discouraged by Canadian winters, Indian attacks, and the requirement to be Catholic.

CHAPTER 2.2

Who joined the European overseas expansion in 1581?

The Dutch Republic, dominated by Protestants.
Under Spanish control until the independized in 1581.

What was the instrument of the Dutch Republic for colonial dominance?

The Dutch East India Company (1602) and then the West India Company (1621)

The New Netherlands (1624)

First Dutch settlement in the Americas. Along the Hudson river

What was the religious factor that made New Netherlands appealing?

Religious tolerance and harmony.
Muslims, Jews, Catholics, Quakers, Lutherans, Calvinists, German, English were attracted by New Netherlands and became part of its population.

CHAPTER 2.3

Several English merchants petitioned King James I a charter incorporating two companies to attempt another settlement at the Americas. Which were those two companies?

The Plymouth and Virginia companies.

The Jamestown colony (1607)

English settlement at the Americas named after their King and established at the Chesepeake Bay.

What was life like in Jamestown colony?

Horrible. Malaria, mosquitoes, and parasites. Disorganized. Unable to earn the companies a profit.
At the end of the first year, only 38 colonist alive

The Powhatan Confederancy vs. the English (1607-1614)

English settled on lands of the powerful Indian leader, Powhatan. Powhatan sent gifts to Englishmen with the hope they would depend on him. However, the English began seizing Indian villages' corn.
Powhatan answered violently trying to starve the English colonies. English were saved by England but war with Indians continued until 1614.

What was the outcome of the war between the English and the Powhatan Confederancy?

Powhatan died, but the war continued under his brother, Opechancanough. Only the marriage of the colonist John Rolfe to Powhatan's daughter, Pocahontas, made peace in 1614.
Indians may have failed to restrain Englishmen, but their war would submerge the Virginia company in bankruptcy.

What was the effect of Virginia's company on the colonial economy?

Ironically, it improved the colonial economy.

Which product became now the pillar of the colonial economy?

Tobacco

The bittersweet Jamestown colony would eventually be called:

Virginia

How did the success of tobacco encourage the creation of Maryland and why did it become a refugee of catholics?

Tobacco's success encouraged King Charles I to grant millions of acres to George Calvert, which would be later the Maryland colony.
King Charles I (devoted catholic), George Calvert (catholic). So Maryland became a refugee for all catholics who were uncomfortable living in the Protestant England Queen Elizabeth constructed.

Life in the Chesepeake colonies

Different from England. tobacco success demanded more labor hands. So masters recruited young men as indentured servants.
Since population was mostly men, families were limited and population only grew due to immigrants.

CHAPTER 2.4

Plymouth Colony (1620)

First New England settlement.
Formed by Pilgrims against the English Anglican Church, so they contacted the Plymouth company to move to the Americas.
During the first months, the faced harsh winters and scarce food.
They would soon be overshadowed by another colony.

Massachussetts Bay Colony (1630)

Overshadowed Plymouth colony.
Founded by Puritans who supported the Anglican church but thought it could be reformed.
They interpreted bad economy as God's sign to leave England.
Received support from Massachussetts Bay company to set up a colony.
Lived peacefully under covenants, or contracts that united them under God's favor.
Progress was untroubled until the Pequot War against the Indians for land control.

Population of Viriginia vs. New Englanders

Virginia - young male servants emigrated and population mainly male. Dispersed
New englanders - Families emigrated. Marriage and child bearing common. Clustered/united

CHAPTER 2.5

What were the factors that attracted European attention to the Caribbean Islands?

Precious metals, Bases for privateering expeditions, and Sugar.

Sugar

It was important for European. Sweetener, preservative, decoration, medicine.

How did sugar encourgaed African slavery?

Europeans were willing to pay high prices for sugar.
They started importing African slaves because Indian slaves were dying. They thought Africans were better suited for agricultural work and tropical climate.

Biracial society

Caribbean population would consist of two main races: whites and blacks. African slaves became a majority.