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Anatomy

The science of the structure of the body.

Physiology

The study of the function of the body.

Osteology

The detailed study of the body of knowledge relating to bones of the body.

Arthrology

The study of joints or articulations.

Levels of structural organization

Cells, tissues, organs, systems, and organism.

Body systems in humans

The human body is made up of 10 body or organ systems.

Interdependence of body systems

No one body system functions entirely independently; all are interrelated and interdependent.

Skeletal system components

The skeletal system consists of 206 bones and their associated cartilages and joints.

Functions of the skeletal system

Support and protection of the body, allowing movement with muscles, producing blood cells, and storing calcium.

Circulatory system components

The circulatory system includes the heart, blood, blood vessels, lymph nodes, lymph vessels, and lymph glands.

Functions of the circulatory system

Distributes oxygen and nutrients, carries waste and carbon dioxide, transports water, electrolytes, hormones, and enzymes, protects against disease, prevents hemorrhage, and regulates temperature.

Digestive system organs

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus, and accessory organs like salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and tongue.

Functions of the digestive system

Prepares food for absorption and eliminates solid wastes.

Respiratory system components

The respiratory system consists of two lungs and a series of passages including the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchial tree.

Functions of the respiratory system

Supplies oxygen, eliminates carbon dioxide, and helps regulate acid-base balance.

Urinary system organs

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

Functions of the urinary system

Regulates blood composition, eliminates waste, maintains fluid and electrolyte balance and volume, and maintains acid-base balance.

Male reproductive system

Produces mature germ cells and includes the testes, vas deferens, prostate gland, and penis.

Female reproductive system components

Produces mature germ cells and includes the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina.

Nervous system components

The nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia, and special sense organs such as the eyes and ears.

Primary function of the nervous system

To coordinate and control body activities through transmitted signals.

Functions of the nervous system

Communication, integration, control of body functions, and recognition of sensory stimuli.

Muscular system types

Consists of skeletal (striated and voluntary), smooth (involuntary), and cardiac (striated and involuntary) tissues.

Functions of the muscular system

Allows movement, maintains posture, and produces heat.

Endocrine system components

All ductless glands such as the testes, ovaries, pancreas, adrenals, thymus, thyroid, parathyroids, pineal, and pituitary glands.

Endocrine system regulation

Regulates body activity via hormones released into the bloodstream.

Integumentary system and its components

The integumentary system includes the skin and structures derived from it, like hair, nails, and sweat and oil glands.

Functions of the integumentary system

Regulates temperature, protects the body, eliminates waste, and receives stimuli.

Organ replacement and function loss

Nonvital organ loss is not immediately life-threatening; organ replacement can treat organ function loss via artificial organs, transplants, or free-flap surgery.

Composition of the adult human skeleton

Consists of 206 separate bones, including 2 sesamoid bones (patellae).

Division of the axial and appendicular skeleton

Divided into axial (80 bones) and appendicular (126 bones) skeletons.

Sesamoid bones

Oval-shaped bones embedded in tendons, with patellae being the largest.

Bone shape classification

Classified into long, short, flat, and irregular bones.

Characteristics of short bones

Roughly cuboidal, found in wrists and ankles, consisting of cancellous(spongy or trabecular) tissue and compact bone.

Structure of long bones

Consist of a body (shaft) and two ends (extremities), found in the appendicular skeleton, with compact and spongy bone.

Periosteum definition and function

A dense fibrous membrane covering bones, essential for growth, repair, and nutrition.

Composition difference of long and short bones

Long bones have more compact bone and a medullary cavity; short bones are cuboidal with cancellous and compact bone.

Ossification

The process by which bones form, starting around the 6th embryonic week and continuing into adulthood.

Function of flat bones

Provide protection and broad surfaces for muscle attachments; examples include cranium and ribs.

Role of red bone marrow

Produces red blood cells, found in flat and irregular bones and ends of long bones.

Diploe definition

The space in flat bones of the cranium containing cancellous bone and marrow.

Irregular bones characteristics

Have peculiar shapes, including vertebrae and facial bones.

Epiphyseal plates significance

Crucial for lengthwise growth during development.

Composition of long bones

Consist of compact bone (outer), spongy/cancellous bone (inner), hyaline cartilage at ends, and a medullary cavity with yellow marrow.

Primary and secondary centers of ossification

The diaphysis is the primary center; the epiphysis is the secondary center.

Nutrient artery role

Passes through compact bone to provide nutrients for bone health.

Examples of flat bones

Cranium, sternum, scapulae, and ribs.

Types of cartilage in long bones

Hyaline cartilage, specifically as articular cartilage at the ends.

Distal femur and proximal tibia epiphyses

Are the first to appear during bone development.

Joint classification by structure

Divided into fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints.

Synarthrodial joints

Immovable joints.

Amphiarthrodial joints

Allow for limited movement.

Diarthrodial joints characteristics

Freely movable joints.

Types of fibrous joints

Include sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses.

Types of cartilaginous joints

Include synchondroses and symphyses.

Types of synovial joints

Include Plane, Ginglymus, Trochoid, Ellipsoid, Sellar, Spheroidal, and Bicondylar.

Plane joint movement

Allows gliding movement.

Ginglymus joints definition

Also known as hinge joints, allowing movement in one plane.

Trochoid joints function

Allow rotational movement around a single axis.

Ellipsoid joints movement

Allow movement in two planes.

Sellar joints uniqueness

Saddle joints allowing movement in two planes.

Spheroidal joints definition

Ball and socket joints allowing the greatest range of motion.

Bicondylar joints definition

Allow movement primarily in one direction but with limited movement in another.

Functional joint classification

Classified into Synarthroses (immovable), Amphiarthroses (limited movement), and Diarthroses (freely movable).

Hypersthenic body habitus

Characterized by a larger body frame, represents about 5% of the population.

Sthenic body habitus

The most common body habitus, accounting for approximately 50% of the population.

Hyposthenic body habitus

Characterized by a body frame that is smaller than sthenic but larger than asthenic.

Asthenic body habitus

Characterized by a slender and lean body frame.

Bone growth in length occurs at the

epiphyseal plate.

Metatarsophalangeal joints are

condyloid joints.

The knee is what kind of joint?

hinge joint.

The wrist is a condyloid synovial joint.

True.

The lymphatic system houses the:

spleen & tonsils.

The scapula is what classification of bone?

flat bone.

The patella is what classification of bone?

irregular bone.

Epiphyseal fusion is complete by age 18

True.

What joint classification is the distal tibiotibular joint?

fibrous.

What joint classification is the proximal radioulnar joint?

synovial (pivot) joint.