Earth Resources Final Flashdeck Dec 2 24

"doubling time ( ln(2) / rate )for 3% growth rate? a) About 2.5 years b) About 25 years c) About 250 years d) About 2500 years"

B

"time for factor of 10 increase? a) About 25 years b) About 75 years c) About 225 years d) About 675 years"

B

"How much of the oil that has ever been burned, has been burned in Prof. Kelemen’s lifetime (64 years)? a) about 10% b) about 25% c) about 50% d) about 95%"

D

" (95 in 67 years + 5 before)/(5 before) = X --- If your children choose to continue this trend, and use more than 95% of all the oil that has ever been used by 2090, how much more will you have to find, extract and use by then? a) 5x more b) 10x more c) 20x more d) 50x more"

C

"What is an external cost? a) cost of installing scrubbers on the outside of smokestacks b) money paid for commodities from an external source c) cost of producing a commodity born by “the public”"

C

"In acid rain, the pH is a) lower than normal b) higher than normal "

A

"Emissions from burning coal, smelting copper, etc, that cause acid rain include a) Sulfur oxides b) Nitrogen oxides c) Steam d) a+b e) all of the above"

D

"Which is not one of the four main layers in the solid Earth? a) inner core b) outer core c) cortex d) mantle e) crust "

C

"what types of evidence are used to constrain the composition of the Earth? a)the composition of samples from the Earth’s mantle b)the composition of carbonaceous chondrites c) the fact that the moon is made of green cheese d)the composition of the Earth’s crust e)a,b,d"

E

"How was seafloor spreading discovered? a) marine magnetic measurements b) measurements of magnetism in lake sediments c) looking out the window of a submarine d) GPS measurements "

A

"if the Earth (& continental crust) is more than 4 billion years old, where is the oceanic crust more than 180 million years old?"

Subducted

"Subduction zones are also called a)divergent plate boundaries b)convergent plate boundaries c) transform plate boundaries"

B

"Mid-ocean ridges are also called a)divergent plate boundaries b)convergent plate boundaries c) transform plate boundaries"

A

"A = true, B = false -- (ex. BBAA) continental crust 7. is more dense than oceanic crust 8. is more SiO2 rich than oceanic crust 9. has higher Mg, Fe and Mg/(Mg+Fe) than oceanic crust 10. is thicker than oceanic crust 11. is felsic "

BABAA

"compared to felsic rocks, mafic rocks have A. more SiO2, higher Mg/(Mg+Fe) B. less SiO2, lower Mg/(Mg+Fe) C. more SiO2, lower Mg/(Mg+Fe) D. less SiO2, higher Mg/(Mg+Fe)"

D

"Incompatible elements are concentrated in A. Magmatic crystals formed at high temperature B. Evolving magma undergoing crystallization"

B

"the most abundant elements in continental crust are A. magnesium and silicon B. oxygen and magnesium C. oxygen and silicon D. oxygen and potassium"

C

"where are a) compatible elements? b) incompatible? (option1 option2 "

Mafic, Felsic

"composition of the early atmosphere: (today’s) volcanic gases are rich in CO2, CO (carbon monoxide) H2S, S2, more rarely SO2 Cl2 (chlorine gas) N2 (nitrogen gas) H2O, H2 (hydrogen gas) NH4 (ammonia gas) CH4 (methane gas) what is missing, compared to today" (use & between the two)

Oxygen & Ozone

"Economically and legally recoverable oil in known deposits a) reserve b) resource"

A

"All of the ultimately recoverable oil on Earth a) reserve b) resource"

B

"Compared to CH4 (methane) and other hydrocarbons, CO2 is A. oxidized B. reduced"

A

"Coal is mainly formed by thermal maturation at depth of A. oxidized plant material B. reduced plant material C. oxidized microbial material D. reduced microbial material"

B

"Oil is mainly formed by thermal maturation at depth of A. oxidized plant material B. reduced plant material C. oxidized microbial material D. reduced microbial material"

D

"combustion AKA oxidation for example C + O2 ="

CO2

"ombustion AKA oxidation for example CH4 + __O2 ="

2 = 2H2O + CO2

"Oil is found A. On the seafloor near oceanic spreading ridges B. In ancient crystalline rocks of the continental interiors C. In shallow marine sediments that have been buried below 10 km depth D. In shallow marine sediments that have been buried at 1 to 4 km depth"

D

"The amount of oil that can ever be recovered on Earth is A. the size of a resource B. the size of a reserve"

A

"Mars and Venus have atmospheres with more than 95% CO2, as did the early Earth, whereas at present Earth’s atmosphere contains only 400 ppm CO2 (0.04%). Where is most of the missing carbon? a) dissolved in the ocean b) in sedimentary rocks c) emitted into space d) in the core"

B

"The acronym EROI (or EROEI) stands for A. Exceptionally Rash, Obstreperous (exuberant) Investors B. Energy Returned on (energy) Invested C. Elephants Rarely Own (extensive) Igloos D. I don’t know but I am present today"

B

"As production moves from “conventional” to “unconventional” sources of oil, EROI A. Increases B. Decreases"

B

"According to the US Energy Information Administration, electicity production via conventional combined cycle gas-fired generators is more expensive than via conventional coal-fired generators. A. True B. False"

A

"The ratio of reserves (in tons) divided by production (in tons per year) has units of A. mass B. time C. distance D. volume"

B

"The reserves of a finite, non-renewable resources that is being produced for consumption, always decrease with time. A. True B. False "

B

"Which country uses more coal than all the other countries in the world combined? A. India B. China C. USA D. Russia"

B

"Rank the following in order of increasing energy density, in terms of Joules per cubic meter (1) anthracite coal, (2) lignite coal, (3) oil, (4) natural gas at atmospheric pressure A. 4, 2, 3, 1 B. 1, 2, 3, 4 C. 2, 3, 1, 4 "

A

"EROI for tar sands production is A. Higher than for conventional oil B. Lower than for conventional oil"

B

"EROI for US oil production on average is A. Higher than for Saudi Arabian production B. Lower than for Saudi Arabian production"

B

"Global oil consumption is A. increasing B. decreasing"

A

"Global oil reserves are A. increasing B. decreasing"

A

"Global oil formation via maturation of hydrocarbons is A. faster than production B. slower than production"

B

"Coal is more important than natural gas in US electric power generation A. True B. False"

B

"If the growth rate of shale gas production in the US remained at about 33% per year, approximately how long will it take for production to double? A. 1 year B. 2 years C. 6 years D. 12 years"

B

"How long will it take to increase by a factor of 10? A. 2 years B. 7 years ~ 2.3/0.33 ~ 6.9 C. 15 years D. 30 years"

B

"In EIA estimates for 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2022, the cost of electric generation in the US using conventional coal-fired power plants has been A. lower than for conventional gas-fired power plants B. the same as for conventional gas-fired power plants C. higher than for conventional gas-fired power plants"

C

"Coal is more important than natural gas in global electricity generation A. True B. False "

A

"Gas hydrates are found in areas with a. more than a few 100 meters of water depth b. bottom water temperatures less than 10°C c. a+b"

C

"In terms of stored energy, gas hydrate resources may exceed all other hydrocarbon resources a. True b. False"

A

"Over the past several decades, global energy consumption has been growing at about a) 1-1.5% per year b) 1.5-4% per year c) 4-5% per year d) about 10% per year"

B

"Over the past several decades, the doubling time for global energy consumption has been a) 8-15 years b) 23-35 years c) 40-60 years d) more than 100 years"

B

"Over the past century, the time to increase global energy consumption by a factor of 10 has been a) 40-60 years b) 76-115 years c) 125-150 years d) more than 200 years"

B

"The most abundant greenhouse gas in the atmosphere is a) H2O b) CO2 c) CH4 d) NO2"

A

"The frequency of the approximately 100,000 year cyclicity in global mean temperature is thought to be set by a) variations in sealevel b) atmospheric greenhouse gases c) variations in the extent of glaciation and ice caps d) variations in the Earth’s orbit around the Sun"

D

"Amplifiers that increase the temperature and CO2 response to changes in the Earth’s orbit and rotation axis include

1. CO2 solubility in seawater increases with increasing temperature

2. CO2 solubility in seawater decreases with increasing temperature

3. continental glaciation and polar ice caps reflect more incoming solar radiation back into space, compared to rock, soil and open water

4. continental glaciation and polar ice caps absorb more incoming solar radiation, compared to rock, soil and open water a) 1 b) 1 & 4 c) 2 d) 2 & 3 e) 1 & 3"

D

"Greenhouse gases like CO2, CH4, NO2, H2O are A. nearly transparent to short wave, visible light and absorb long wave, infrared radiation B. nearly transparent to long wave, infrared radiation, and absorb short wave, visible light"

A

"As seawater temperature decreases, the solubility of CO2 A. decreases B. increases"

B

"The temperature of deep ocean water is A. hotter than at the surface B. colder than at the surface "

B

"Greenhouse gases like CO2, CH4, NO2, H2O are A. nearly transparent to short wave, visible light and absorb long wave, infrared radiation B. nearly transparent to long wave, infrared radiation, and absorb short wave, visible light"

A

"As seawater temperature decreases, the solubility of CO2 A. decreases B. increases"

B

"The temperature of deep ocean water is A. hotter than at the surface B. colder than at the surface "

B

"H2O is a greenhouse gas a. True b. False "

A

2. The Medieval Warm Period was a. A figment of Prof. Kelemen’s imagination b. Due to greenhouse gas emissions during the industrial revolution c. Indicated by data from tree rings and the shells of marine micro-organisms

C

"The pH of the ocean (-log10[H+], lower = more acid, higher = more basic) goes up with increasing CO2 content in the atmosphere. a. True b. False"

B

"3700 Gt CO2 (3700 billion tons CO2) =

A. about 100 Gt C C. about 3700 tons C

B. about 1 trillion tons C

D. about 3.7 trillion tons C "

B

the IPCC and others have identified the total cumulative emissions of
carbon (and other greenhouse gases in equivalent units) that can be
emitted, since 1850, without causing the Earth to warm more than 2°C
on average

"this value is a) around 1 billion tons of carbon b) around 100 billion tons of carbon c) around 1000 billion tons (1 trillion tons) of carbon d) around 10,000 billion tons (10 trillion tons) of carbon"

C

"at the current rate of increase of greenhouse gas emissions, this cumulative amount will be exceeded a) in less than five years b) in less than 75 years c) in more than 100 years d) in more than 1000 years "

B

"Estimating the “Social Cost of Carbon” is affected by a. the uncertainty in the magnitude of temperature change for a given increase in atmospheric CO2 and other greenhouse gases b. the uncertainty in the magnitude and distribution of weather changes for a given increase in temperature c. the uncertainty in the nature, magnitude, and spatial distribution of economic damage resulting from a given increase in temperature, change in climate, and/or change in ocean pH d. all of the above"

D

"Most renewable electricity production is via hydroelectric generation A. True B. False"

A

"Solar energy reaching the Earth’s surface is orders of magnitude larger than human energy consumption A. True B. False "

A

"Using a turbine to spin a magnet inside a coil of wire is A. a generator B. an electrical engine"

A

"Using a current in a coil of wire to spin a magnet is A. a generator B. an electrical engine"

B

"Compressed CO2 is denser than air at temperatures below 10°C and ocean depths greater than 4 km. a) True b) False"

A

"Under near surface conditions on Earth, ultramafic and mafic magnesium silicates such as olivine, Mg2SiO4 – which comprises > 60% of the Earth’s upper mantle – spontaneously combine with CO2 to form solid carbonate minerals, for example via the reaction Mg2SiO4 + ___ CO2 = _____ MgCO3 + ____ SiO2 a) 1, 1, 1 b) 1, 2, 1 c) 2, 2, 2 d) 2, 2, 1 "

D

"1. Storage options to smooth out intermittent wind and solar power generation include

I. batteries

IV. splitting water into H2 and O2

II. huge steel fly wheels

V. molten salt

III. pumping water uphill

VI. compressed air in caves

a) I, III, V

b) I, II, III, IV

c) I,V

d) I, II, III, IV, V, VI (all of the above)"

D

"In the periodic table excerpt above, in the rectangle for Uranium, what is the number 92? a) atomic weight b) atomic number c) number of protons d) number of neutrons e) b + c"

E

"In the periodic table excerpt above, in the rectangle for Uranium, what is the number 238.03? a) atomic weight b) atomic number c) number of protons d) average number of protons + neutrons e) a + d"

E

"ow many neutrons are there in 238U? a) 238 b) 92 c) 330 d) 146"

D

"How many neutrons are there in 235U? a) 235 b) 92 c) 327 d) 143"

D

"hich naturally occurring isotope of Uranium is most abundant? a) 234U b) 235U c) 238U"

C

"Which naturally occurring isotope of Uranium is enriched for reactors and bombs? a) 234U b) 235U c) 238U "

B

"To avoid 1 billion tons of carbon emissions due to generation of electrical power using fossil fuels, 50 years from now, nuclear energy generation capacity would have to a) increase at its current rate b) increase by a factor of 100 c) increase by a factor of 3 d) be drastically curtailed"

C

o avoid 1 billion tons of carbon emissions due to generation of electrical
power using fossil fuels, 50 years from now, nuclear energy generation capacity
would have to increase by a factor of 3

"If current trends continue, will nuclear energy generation capacity increase by the amount required in the previous question? a) No b) Yes"

A

"Over the past 50 years, cumulative deaths due to accidents at nuclear power plants and to exposure to waste from nuclear power plants have been greater than deaths due to coal mining a) True b) False"

B

"A nuclear chain reaction results from the fact that, for example, each 235U fission, triggered by capture of one neutron, produces three neutrons which can then be captured by three more 235U nucleii a. True b. False"

A

"Control rods absorb neutrons to slow a chain reaction while moderators slow neutrons to increase the likelihood of neutron capture by a 235U nucleus to ensure a chain reaction a. True b. False"

A

"Radioactivity from nuclear waste (spent fuel rods) from a typical US nuclear power plant is reduced to the level of a moderately safe Uranium mine after a. one hundred years b. one thousand years c. one million years d. one billion years "

C

"Breeder reactors actually can be said to perform “alchemy”, transforming one element into another, and consuming weakly radioactive elements to form new, highly radioactive isotopes (e.g., making several isotopes of Plutonium from 238U, making 233U from 232Th). a. False b. True"

B

"If widely adopted, breeder reactor technology would greatly increase the available resource for nuclear energy generation A. True B. False"

A

"Breeder reactor technology is not widely used in the US and many other countries because a. the waste remains radioactive for a longer time b. newly formed elements are chemically separable from their parent elements, and thus it is far easier to create bomb-grade material from breeder reactor products than to separate 235U from 238U. c. a+b"

B

"Fusion is a. decay of one isotope to form several lighter isotopes b. merging of two isotopes, most likely isotopes of hydrogen, to form a heavier isotope, typically helium"

B

"Fission is a. decay of one isotope to form several lighter isotopes b. merging of two isotopes, most likely isotopes of hydrogen, to form a heavier isotope, typically helium "

A

"The energy density per kg of fuel for a typical US nuclear power plant is a. less than for oil and gas b. about the same as for oil and gas c. almost 100,000 times larger than for oil and gas d. infinite "

C

"The largest concentrations of iron oxides are found in __________, which formed as a result of ______________. a) banded iron formations, iron-rich volcanic eruptions b) banded iron formations, the evolution of photosynthetic organisms c) evaporite deposits, the drying of ancient seas d) evaporite deposits, periodic flooding of ancient deserts"

B

"What is a laterite? a) Soil formed from mechanical erosion of felsic rock b) A pass in US football, parallel to or away from the line of scrimmage c) Soil from which most soluble components have been leached d) Felsic volcanic rock "

C

"What is one resource derived from the mining of laterites? a) NaCl (salt). b) Aluminum c) Lithium"

B

"Bauxite is a kind of laterite (a) True (b) False"

A

"Where are manganese nodules, aka ferromanganese nodules, aka polymetallic nodules found? a) Surrounding plutonic intrusions b) On the seafloor"

B

"Which of the following is not an ingredient or method used to remove oxygen from iron ore to produce iron metal? a) Coke made from coal (not the kind people drink) b) Bauxite c) Charcoal d) Very high temperature"

B

"What is the reason why New Zealand and Iceland are major aluminum smelting centers? a) Abundant aluminum reserves b) Cheap electricity c) Abundant coke reserves d) Relatively lax environmental regulations"

B

"More than half of aluminum metal produced in the US is derived from recycling a) True b) False"

A