(Bio) Unit 3

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Biology

9th

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104 Terms

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In enzymes, kinetic energy is stored in the

bonds

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A reaction starts with a and ends with a _.

substrate, product

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Energy of activation

the amount of energy required to start a reaction

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Enzyme

A type of (usually) protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing

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enzymes are

organic catalysts

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Characteristics of catalysts

speed up reactions by lowering activation energy, only work in one specific reaction, reusable

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Substrate

A specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme

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Active site

The part of an enzyme where the chemical reaction occurs.

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induced fit model

enzyme model where the substrate induces the enzyme to alter its shape slightly so it fits better

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Enzyme-substrate complex

A temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule(s).

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After chemical reaction, substrate(s) turn to

Product(s)

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Factors that can affect enzymes

temperature, pH, and enzyme concentration

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Cold temperatures will make reactions

slower

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Warm temperatures will make reactions

faster

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If an enzyme gets too hot

it will denature

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Denaturation

loss of normal shape of a protein due to heat or other factor

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If an enzyme is exposed to pH levels that are too acidic or too basic

it will denature

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The more enzyme in a reaction

the faster the reaction proceeds

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The less enzyme in a reaction

the slower the reaction proceeds

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the more substrate in a reaction

the slower the reaction proceeds with more product

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The less substrate in a concentration

the faster the reaction proceeds with less product

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Inhibitors

stop or slow the enzyme's functioning

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Competitive inhibitors

Compete with the substrate to slow the enzyme's ability to function

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Noncompetitive inhibitors

Bond with the enzyme and stop is functioning, potentially causing permanent damage to the enzyme

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Examples of noncompetitive inhibitors

toxins and poisons

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Negative feedback

When the body uses competitive inhibitors to regulate itself

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Cofactors

inorganic enzyme helpers (ions and minerals)

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Coenzymes

organic enzyme helpers (vitamins)

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Exergonic reaction

when a reaction releases energy

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Endergonic reaction

when a reaction takes in more energy than it releases (stores)

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Electronegativity

tendency of atoms to want to take electrons from other atoms

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Redox reactions

When there is a transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another (oxidation and reduction)

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Oxidation

when an atom loses an electron during a reaction

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Reduction

when an atom gains an electron during a reaction

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Biochemical pathway

a series of linked reactions

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Metabolism

the sum of the reactions in a biochemical pathway

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Homeostasis

when a cell regulates its chemical reactions/maintains internal equilibrium

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ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

transports energy needed for metabolic reactions around the cell

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ATP is a

nucleotide, with ribose as its sugar and adenine as its nitrogenous base

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ATP has ___ phosphate groups

three

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ADP (adenosine diphosphate)

the outcome of ATP after the energy within is used

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ATP has ___ and ADP has ___

energy, no energy

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Photosynthesis uses the energy of what to make sugar

Sunlight

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Autotrophs

organisms that preform photosynthesis

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Photons

particles of light that move in waves

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Sunlight is

visible/white light

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Pigments

capture most of the plant's energy

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Chlorophyll

Most common pigment, absorbs all colors except green

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Chlorophyll A

Primary pigment, absorbs more red

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Chlorophyll B

Accessory pigment, absorbs more blue

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Carotenoids

absorb more blue and reflect orange

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Formula for photosynthesis

6H₂O + 6CO₂ → C₆H₁₂O₆+ 6O₂

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Chloroplast

Organelle that preforms photosynthesis

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Thylakoid disk

membrane of the chloroplast folded up (inside the chloroplast), contain chlorophyll

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Thylakoid membrane

membrane in which pigments are embedded

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Granum

a stack of thylakoid disks (grana if plural) the unit that collects light

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Light dependent reactions

set of reactions in photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH

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Photosystems I and II

light-harvesting units of a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane

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electron acceptor molecule

A reactant that gains an electron and is reduced in a reduction-oxidation reaction.

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Electron transport chains

the series of molecules through which excited electrons are passed along a thylakoid membrane during light dependent reactions

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NADP+

carrier molecule that transfers high-energy electrons and other molecules

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NADPH

NADP+ carrying electrons and hydrogen (to the stroma for the Calvin Cycle during photosynthesis)

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In order o make up for "lost" electrons and hydrogen in LDR

H2O is broken down into hydrogen ions, oxygen, and electrons, which is also how plants produce oxygen

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Light Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)

use energy from the light dependent reactions to make sugars (happens in the stroma)

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Rubisco enzyme

Splits the 6 carbons into 2 groups of 3 carbon molecules (PGA)

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PGA

phosphoglycerate; a three-carbon molecule formed in the first step of the Calvin cycle

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What is added to the Calvin Cycle that was produced during LDR?

ATP and NADPH, making ADP and NADP+ after their use in the Calvin Cycle

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G3P

molecule that is made in the Calvin cycle; glucose is formed when two of these molecules combine

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Some G3P are recycled to make

RuBP to start over the Calvin Cycle

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RuBP

ribulose biphosphate; a five-carbon carbohydrate that combines with CO2 to form two molecules of PGA in the first step of the Calvin Cycle

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During photosynthesis, carbon in CO2 becomes

carbon in C6H12O6

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During photosynthesis, oxygen in CO2 becomes

oxygen in C6H12O6

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During photosynthesis, hydrogen in H2O becomes

hydrogen in C6H12O6

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During photosynthesis, oxygen in H2O becomes

oxygen in O2

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Cellular Respiration

Process that produces ATP by breaking down food molecules (specifically glucose)

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Formula for cellular respiration

C6H12O6 + O2 -> CO2 + H20

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All organisms perform

cellular respiration (or at least some steps)

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Heterotrophs

An organism that obtains its food by means of other organisms

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Three parts of cellular respiration

glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain

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Anaerobic process

metabolic process that does not require oxygen

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Glycolysis

an anaerobic process, the splitting of sugar that occurs in the cytoplasm (performed by all organisms)

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Substrate-level phosphorylation

The formation of ATP by directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism.

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Product of glycolysis

2 pyruvate

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Net gain of ATP in glycolysis

2 ATP

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Electron Carriers of Cellular Respiration

NAD+ and FAD

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Aerobic process

a metabolic process that requires oxygen

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citric acid cycle

an aerobic process, the oxidizing of acetyl Co-A (modified pyruvate) into CO2, occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria

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Products of citric acid cycle

2 CO2, 1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2

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The Citric Acid Cycle takes ___ turns to make one glucose

two

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Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

uses the high-energy electrons from the NADH and FADH2 from the Citric Acid Cycle and glycolysis to convert ADP into ATP, occurs in the cristae of the mitochondria

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Oxygen is necessary to make

ATP

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The oxygen we breathe becomes ___ at the end of the ETC

H2O

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The carbon from the food we eat becomes___ at the end of the Citric Acid Cycle

CO2

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Fermentation

Returns NADH to NAD+, which is necessary for glycolysis to occur

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Anaerobic organisms must

perform glycolysis and fermentation to survive

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strict anaerobes

Organisms that can't survive in an atmosphere of oxygen

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Facultative anaerobes

Organisms that can survive with or without oxygen

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Fermentation begins at the end of

glycolysis

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Substrate for fermentation

pyruvate

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Fermentation takes place in the

cytoplasm