bacteria/prokaryotes

the six types of of microbes include

bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, helminths, viruses and prions

pathogens are

infectious microbes that cause disease

pathogens can be transmitted thru

water/air, contaminated objects, vectors

pathogens cause diseases by

poisons, invasion and destruction of cells, and triggering immune responses

examples of bacteria

yellow bad breath, red corcles in human feces, salmonella in raw beef

bacteria are prokaryotic this means

no organelles except ribosome, nucleus, mostly anaerobic, often unicellular

the two types of prokaryotes include

eubacteria and archaebacteria

prokaryotic cells are typically (size)

0.1-10 um

the cell wall ____ and ____ contents of cell

supports, protects

cell membrane decides

what goes in/out of a cell

cytoplasm contains ___

ribosomes and nucleoid

genetic material can be found as

DNA/chromosome (single)

a plasmid is

circular DNA, not vital for life

plasmids replicate ___ from rest of DNA

separately

pili are short hair-like projection that

connect bacterium to one another and transfer plasmid between cells

flagellum helps

with movement

eubacteria means

true bacteria

eubacteria are

unicellular

eubacteria lives everywhere including

in water, on land, and in our bodies

bacteria can be classified based on

cell shape, gram stain, motility, metabolism

cocci means

circular shape

bacilli means

rod like shape

spirilla means

corkscrew shape

gram positive bacteria have

thicker cell walls (more peptidyglocan)

gram negative bacteria has

thinner cell walls and double lipid membrane

gram negative cells are harder to treat

becuz their outer membrane blocks entry of drugs

after using decolourizing solution, and second stain

gram + stays the same, gram negative turns pink

metabolism determines if a cell is ___ or _____

aerobic or anaerobic

there are __ types of motility

4

most bacteria are ____ (not motile)

sessile

some spiral bacteria move by

rolling/twisting

some bacteria move by gliding

increase/decrease amount of gas/glide on slimy mucous

some bacteria move using a flagella

tail rotates around to move

binary fission is when

cell is too big and splits (asexual)

binary fission multiplies rapidly

average 1-3hr/day

binary fission _____ genetic diversity

decreases

there are __ types of horizontal gene transfer

3

conjugation is when a

F+ bacterium donates a copy of plasmid to an F- bacterium (sexual)

conjugation ____ genetic diversity

increases

transformation is when a cell

takes DNA from a destroyed cell and add it to its own

transformation _____ genetic diversity

increases

transduction is when a virus

injects DNA from previous cell accidentally

transduction ___ genetic diversity

increases

transduction is ____ considered sexual

not

archaebacteria is

one of the oldest bacteria

archaebacteria are assumed to be

ancestors of all kingdoms

archaebacteria live in

extreme conditions

archaebacteria have ____% of different genes (/1700) to Eubacteria

>50

méthane gens live in

guys of animals, bottom of marshes

methanogens release

all of methane gas on earth as a waste product

halophiles live in

salty conditions (dead sea)

thermoacidophiles live in

very hot and acidic conditions

thermoacidophiles live near

deep sea vents, hot springs, volcanic craters

freshwater eubacteria have

a million bacteria per millimetre

soil eubacteria have more than

a billion bacteria per gram

the human body has

10x more bacteria than human cells

e. coli are good in colon but not

raw meat

botulism produces toxins that causes

slurred speech, difficulty swallowing, muscle weakness, respiratory failure

botulism can also be be used to

relax reactive muscles in small doses

bacteria helps with (cycles)

nitrogen and carbon fixing

cyanobacteria are

important producers on aquatic ecosystems

bacteria ____ our foods

processes

bacteria breakdown surrounding rock

and leave useful ores/metal

saprophytes release digestive enzymes that

break down foods into nutrients

flavobacterium eat

toxins compounds from oil spills

some bacteria are

pathogenic

bacteria can produce toxins like

tuberculosis, leprosy, tetanus, botulism

most toxin bacteria can be killed by

boiling water and cooking food properly

in 1928, Alexander Fleming

noticed that fungus was growing on a petri dish with growing bacteria

since bacteria reproduce rapidly

there is a high mutation rate