AP Bio - Chapter 6 - A Tour of the Cell

Light Microscope

-magnifies effectively but has resolution issues
-commonly used in lab
-good for study of live cells
-limited by the shortest wavelength of light used to illuminate the specimen

Electron Microscope

Much better resolutions - magnifies larger amounts of the cells. But the sample has to be dead to be enclosed in gold. Uses electrons and their wave-like characteristics to see cells.

Cell Fractionation

Separating cellular components (fracturing) while preserving individual functions.

Centrifuge

Spins around so it can separate by size and density (bigger on bottom, larger on top)

Cytosol

Semi-fluid with the membrane, aqueous component with the cytoplasm

Cytoplasm

Fluid that fills cells and holds organelles in place to protect from damage.

Nucleoid

Inside the nucleus. Contains most of the genetic material

Pili

Outside the cell wall, used to exchange info

Cell Wall

Only found in plants, used for structure, mainly made out of the polymer cellulose. Outermost cell layer. Can help with the production of turgor pressure in a cell.

Plasma Membrane

Made of a lipid bilayer with a “mosaic” of proteins, has hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, is what allows materials to come in and out of the cell, separates the cell from the ECM, so it creates a fixed environment in the cell.

Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic = simpler, no membrane around the nucleus, one cytoplasm with all the same types of enzymes (has to share the pH).

Eukaryotic = bigger, membrane around the nucleus, has membrane bound organelles that can create their own pH for the efficiency of their metabolism.

What is stored in the eukaryotic cell’s nucleus?

Genetic Instructions

Ribosomes

Vital for creating proteins (protein synthesis), found “free'“ in the cytosol, or bound to the rough er/nucleus. Made of RNA and proteins.

Nuclear Envelope

What protects the nucleus from the cytoplasm and allows it to create its own environment, provides the structural framework of the nucleus.

Nuclear Pores

Scattered across the nuclear envelope, what lets things pass through the nuclear envelope into/out of the nucleus.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

a network of membrane-enclosed tubules and sacs (cisternae) that extends from the nuclear membrane throughout the cytoplasm

Used to produce proteins for the rest of the cell to function, and for lipid synthesis

What organelles does the endomembrane system contain?

The nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, the golgi apparatus, the lysosome, the plasma membrane and the vacuole (according to txtbook)

3 Components of the Cell Theory

1. All living things are made from one or more cells

2. A cell is the basic unit of life

3. All cells come from pre-existing cells (all living things are related to one another by descent)

Golgi Apparatus

Like a factory, helps process and package lipids and proteins and send them where they need to go (especially proteins leaving the cell).

Lysosome

For digestion, or to break down excess/worn out parts and to kill invading bacteria.

Vacuole

Helps take care of waste products and for storage

In plant cells: helps maintain water balance

Explain how the endomembrane system works together

The endomembrane system includes the nuclear envelope, lysosomes, vesicles, the ER, and Golgi apparatus, as well as the plasma membrane. These cellular components work together to modify, package, tag, and transport proteins and lipids that form the membranes.

Mitochondria

Double Membrane, has their own DNA and ribosomes, can divide on its own

Chloroplast

Double membrane, free living prokaryotic, has their own DNA and ribosomes, can divide on its own.

Peroxisome

Used for carrying out oxidative reactions w/h oxygen. Helps break down hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water.

Cytoskeleton

Microtubules

Cilla

Flagella

Microfilaments

Cytoplasmic Streaming

Intermediate Filaments

Cell Walls

Extracellular Matrix

Cell Junctions

Plasmodelta

Tight Junctions

Desmosomes

Gap Junctions

What type of cell junction(s) are only found in animal cells?

Gap Junctions, Desmosomes, and Tight Junctions

What type of cell junction(s) are only found in plant cells?

Plasmodeltas

Rough ER

Smooth ER

Membrane

Central Vacuole

Nuclear Lamina

Chromosomes

Chromatin

Free Ribosomes

Bound Ribosomes

Apoptosis

Centrioles

Centrosome

Intermediate Filaments

Microvilli

SA to Volume Ratio

With a decreased ratio, a decreased amount of substances can be taken in to sustain the cell.Maximum Surface area to the volume.

Tonoplast

Endosymbiosis

Where the plasma membrane of a eukaryotic cell engulfed a prokaryotic cell and it’s membranes (example, chloroplast and mitochondria).

Cytosol vs Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm includes everything within the membrane (save for the nucleus), cytosol does not (cytosol is in the cytoplasm).

Nucleolus

Ribosome production factory