BIO U2, L5 Cram Sheet

What is ADP?

Low-energy form of ATP; gains phosphate to become ATP.

What does Anaerobic mean?

No oxygen needed.

What is ATP?

Usable energy made from glucose + oxygen.

What is Cellular Respiration?

Process that makes ATP from glucose + oxygen.

What is a Cofactor?

Nonprotein helper for enzymes.

What is the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)?

Series of reactions that makes most ATP.

What is Glycolysis?

Breaks 1 glucose into 2 pyruvate (no oxygen needed).

What is the Krebs Cycle?

Series of reactions that makes ATP, NADH, FADH₂ from Acetyl CoA.

What is NAD+?

Electron carrier; becomes NADH when it gains electrons.

What is Net ATP?

Total ATP made minus ATP used.

What is the purpose of Cellular Respiration?

Make ATP (energy) from glucose + oxygen.

What is the overall equation for Cellular Respiration?

C6H{12}O6 + 6O2 \rightarrow 6CO2 + 6H2O + \sim36 \text{ ATP}

How is ADP involved in cellular respiration?

ADP is converted to ATP by adding a phosphate group.

What are NAD+ and FAD+ in cellular respiration?

NAD+ and FAD+ are electron carriers; NAD+ ↔ NADH and FAD+ ↔ FADH₂.

Describe the process and products of Glycolysis.

1. Glycolysis (Anaerobic, cytoplasm):
   • Breaks 1 glucose into 2 pyruvate.
   • Uses 2 ATP, makes 4 ATP $\rightarrow$ Net: 2 ATP + 2 NADH.

Describe the process and products of the Krebs Cycle.

2. Krebs Cycle (Aerobic, mitochondria):
   • Pyruvate $\rightarrow$ Acetyl CoA $\rightarrow$ citric acid $\rightarrow$ broken down.
   • Per glucose: 6 NADH, 2 FADH₂, 2 ATP, 4 CO₂.

Describe the process and products of the Electron Transport Chain (ETC).

3. Electron Transport Chain (Aerobic, mitochondria):
   • NADH & FADH₂ donate electrons $\rightarrow$ ATP made.
   • Oxygen is final electron acceptor.
   • Produces $\sim34$ ATP.

What is the total ATP produced from all steps of aerobic cellular respiration?

Approximately 36 ATP.

What is Aerobic Respiration?

Respiration that needs oxygen (humans are obligate aerobes).

What is Anaerobic Respiration?

Respiration that does not need oxygen (e.g., fermentation).

What is Lactic Acid Fermentation?

A type of anaerobic respiration that makes small ATP without oxygen and causes muscle burn during exercise.

What are Facultative Anaerobes?

Organisms that can use oxygen or not, switching between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

What are Obligate Anaerobes?

Organisms that die in oxygen and only perform anaerobic respiration (e.g., yogurt bacteria).