A&P2 (Stephens :Test 4)

High density lipoproteins (HDL) carry cholesterol away from the liver toward peripheral body tissues while low-density lipoproteins (IDL) carry cholesterol towards the peripheral body tissues

False

_____ are essential elements (inorganic ions) obtained from the diet in the form of salts which is why you might feel the urge at some point to eat a spoonful of dirt.

minerals

The fluid in our bodies is most generally organized into what 2 compartments

intracellular and extracellular

Tubular reabsorption takes place in the kidney, and is specifically the process whereby substances are moved from the tubular fluid back into the blood. When this happens along the nephron loop what cardiovascular structure receives the reabsorbed substance?

The vasa recta

Within the liver, ___ from HDLs is used to make ____, which helps emulsify lipids in the small intestine

cholesterol, bile

Which is the correct order for the regions of the large intestine?

cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon

Which of the following is the major function of the large intestine?

absorption of water

The outermost tunic of organs in the digestive tract is called the adventitia or serosa, the difference is that the serosa is connected to the ___ in the abdominal cavity

peritoneum

The largest salivary glands are the:

parotid

Which of the following is the correct sequence of the regions of the small intestine, from beginning to end?

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Which duct transports bile to and from the gallbladder?

cystic duct

Digestion of carbohydrates within the small intestine involves enzymes that come from the

pancreas and lining of small intestine

what is the functional unit of the kidney?

nephron

The outer most layer of the kidney?

Renal cortex

The tube that leaves the kidney and connects to the urinary bladder is:

ureter

Enzymes specifically located along the microvilli of epithelial cells within the small intestine are collectively referred to as what?

brush border enzymes

The body's water volume is closely tied to which ion?

sodium

The juxtaglomerular apparatus involves a close association between the afferent arteriole of a glomerulus and what other structure of a nephron?

distal convoluted tubule

Hydrochloric acid is secreted by which cells of the stomach?

parietal cells

where are the renal pyramids located within the kidneys?

renal medulla

Which of the following choices lists structures in order in which urine flows through them?

minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis

The nephron loop makes a hairpin turn within the ___ and its ____ limb ends at the distal convoluted tube

medulla, ascending

The juxtaglomerular apparatus is located

near the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle

An organ that helps break down food but is not part of the tube through which foodstuffs pass is referred to as an

accessory organ

The initial site of both mechanical and chemical digestion is the

oral cavity

Mucosae of the digestive tract typically consists of which structures

Epithelium, smooth muscle, and lamina propria

What is primarily responsible for the chemical digestion of food

enzymes

Lipid molecules that are absorbed from the GI tract enter

lymphatic capillaries

Protein digestion begins in the

stomach

Lacteals

Absorb the products of fat digestion

Where is potassium found in highest concentration?

intracellular fluid

Cerebrospinal fluid of the central nervous system and synovial fluid of joint capsules are both examples of

extracellular fluid

Interstitial fluid has a relatively ___ concentration of sodium and chloride; the concentrations of ions within the interstitial fluid and blood plasma are very ___

high; similar

If someone runs a marathon through a desert while eating pretzels and not drinking water, their plasma osmolarity

Rises and becomes hypertonic to the interstitial and intracellular fluid compartments

As an individual becomes dehydrated, the net movement of fluid in their body is from cells toward plasma

True

Which type of intake accounts for most of our daily fluid intake

preformed water

Peritubular capillaries are associated with the convuluted tubules, while vasa recta are associated with the nephron loop

true

Which is the correct sequence of arteries that a drop of blood would flow through as it entered the kidney and moved toward a glomerulus

Renal artery--- segmental artery---- interlobar artery--- arcuate arter---- interlobular arter

Place the regions of the nephron loop in the correct order for the process of urine formation

Capsular space of glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct

Urine passes from the renal papilla into a

Minor calyx, then to a major calyx, and then to renal pelvis

The transport of solutes out of the blood and into the tubular fluid is called

tubular secretion

Podocytes are cells with foot-like processes called pedicels. Podocytes are found in the

visceral layer of the glomerulus capsule

Calcium

ECF; in general

sodium

ECF in general

potassium

cytosol ICF

Protein

ECF plasma in particular

phosphate

cytosol ICF

Lactase

digest lactose

sucrose

digest sucrose

pancreatic lipase

digests sucrose

pepsin

digest protein

nuclease

digest nucleic acids

aminopeptidase

digest proteins

Of the four major macro molecules and their constituents, which is not considered a nutrient?

nucleotides

Macula densa cells monitor the concentration of

Sodium chloride in the fluid within the distal convuluted tubule

which of the following processes involves the recovery of valuable materials from the tubular fluid?

tubular reabsorption

which of the following processes involves the movement of waste materials into the tubular fluid?

tubular secretion

which of the following processes is involved in the increasing concentration of salts through the nephron loop?

osmosis

which is not a component of the tubular fluid due to glomerular function?

albumin & platelets (C&E)

which of the following are accessory organs of the digestive system?

teeth, tongue, salivary gland, liver, gallbladder, & pancreas

which of the following are involved in mechanical digestion?

teeth & stomach

which of the following are involved in chemical digestion?

small intestine, stomach, salivary glands, pancreas, and liver

which of the following are involved in absorption?

small intestine, stomach, large intestine