Quiz 15 med term- oncology (19) rad and nuclear medicine (20)

mammography

uses low-dose x-rays to visualize breast tissue

barium sulfate

radiopaque substance that is mixed in water and used for examination of the upper and lower GI tract

upper GI series (UGI)

involves oral ingestion of barium sulfate so that the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum can be visualized

small bowel follow-through (SBFT)

traces the passage of barium in a sequential manner as it moves through the small intestine

barium enema (BE)

is a lower GI series that opacifies the lumen of the large intestine using an enema containing barium sulfate

double-contrast study

uses both radiopaque and a radiolucent contrast medium

iodine compounds

radiopaque fluids containing up to 50% iodine are used

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)

procedure where contrast is being injected directly into the common bile duct

intraoperative cholangiography

where contrast is directly injected into the common bile duct during surgery of the gallbladder or biliary tract

digital subtraction angiography (DSA)

x-ray image of contrast-injected blood vessels is prodcued by taking two x-ray pictures and using a computer to subtract obscuring shadows from the second image

hysterosalpingography

x-ray record of the endometrial cavity and fallopian tubes is obtained after injection of contrast material through the vagina and into the endocervical canal

myelography

x-ray imaging of the spinal cord after injection of contrast agent into the subarachnoid space surrounding the spinal cord

urography

taking x-ray images if the urinary tract after injecting contrast

fluoroscopy

use of x-rays and a fluorescent screen to produce real-time video images

sonogram

the record produced by ultrasound imaging

echocardiography

sound waves are used to image the structure of the heart

doppler ultrasound

method of focusing sound waves on blood vessels to measure blood flow

gadolinium

most commonly used contrast agent in MRI

posteroanterior (PA) view

in this most commoly requested chest x-ray view, x-rays travel from a posteriorly placed source to an anteriorly placed detector

anteroposterior (AP) view

x-rays travel from an anteriorly placed source to a posteriorly placed detector

lateral view

x-rays travel from a source located to the right of the patient to a detector placed to the left of the patient

oblique view

x-rays travel in a slanting direction at an angle from the perpendicular plane

posteroanterior (PA) view

Anteroposterior (AP) view

Left lateral view

Oblique view

decubitus

lying down. a lateral decubitus position is lying down on the side

eversion

turning outward

inversion

turning inward

recumbent

lying down (may be prone or supine)

PET-CT scan

combines PET and CT techniques to produce a more accurate image than a PET or CT alone

PET-MRI scan

combine magnetic resonance imaging with positron emission tomography

computed tomography (CT)

diagnostic x-ray procedure whereby a cross-sectional image of a specific body segment is produced

contrast studies

radiopaque materials are injected to obtain contrast between tissues that would be indistinguishable from one another

gamma camera

machine to detect gamma rays emitted from radiopharmaceuticals furing scanning for diagnostic purposes

half-life

time required for a radioactive substance to lose half its radioactivity by disintegration

interventional radiology

therapeutic or diagnostic procedures performed by a radiologist

ionization

transformation of electrically neutral substances into electrically charged particles. x-rays cause ionization of particles within tissues

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

magnetic field and radio waves produce sagittal, coronal, and axial images of the body

nuclear medicine

medical specialty that uses radioactive substances in the diagnosis and treatment of disease

positron emission tomography (PET)

positron-emitting radioactive substances given intravenously create a cross-sectional image of cellular metabolism based on local concentration of the radioactive substance

radioisotope/ radionuclide

radioactive form of an element substance

radiology

medical specialty concerned with the study of x-rays and their use in the diagnosis of disease, includes other forms of energy, such as ultrasound and magnetic waves

radiolucent

permitting the passage of x-rays, appear black on x-ray images

radiopaque

obstructing the passage of x-rays, appear white on the x-ray images

single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

radioactive tracer is injected intravenously and a computer reconstructs a 3D image based on a composite of many views

ultrasonography (US, U/S)

diagnostic technique that uses high frequency sound waves to produce images of the body

ultrasound transducer

handheld device that sends and receives ultrasound signals

uptake

rate of absorption of a radionuclide into an organ or tissue

is/o

same

-graphy

process of recording

-lucent

to shine

-opaque

obscure

Ba

barium

DICOM

digital image communication in medicine

PACS

picture archival and communications system

inflammatory

having the features of inflammation- that is, redness, swelling, and heat

nectrotic

containing dead tissue

diffuse

spreading evenly throughout the affected tissue

cauterization

destruction of tissue by burning

core needle biopsy

placement of a large-bore needle that extracts a core of tissue

exicisional biopsy

removal of tumor and a margin of normal tissue

fine needle aspiration

placement of a very fine needle inside the tumor mass and extraction of cells for microscopic evaluation

incisional biopsy

piece of tumor is removed for examination to establish a diagnosis. A more extensive surgical procedure or other forms of treatment, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy, are used to treat bulk of the tumor

brachytherapy

small, sealed containers or seeds of radioactive material are inserted directly into the tumor or into a cavity of the tumor. An implant may be temporary or permanent

external beam irradiation (teletherapy)

radiation therapy applied to a tumor from a distant source

stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS)

single large dose of radiation is delievered under precise, stereotactic 3D, performed at multiple angles to destroy vascular abnormalities and small tumors in the brain or other sites

cancer chemotherapy

treatment of cancer using chemicals, standard of treatment for many types of cancer, and is curative in a number or them, may be used alone or in combination with surgery and irradiation to improve cure rates

benign tumor

noncancerous growth (neoplasm)

carcinogens

agents that cause cancer; chemicals and drugs, radiation, and viruses

carcinoma

cancerous tumor made up of cells with epithelial origin

chemotheraphy

treatment with drugs that kill tumor cells

immunotherapy

cancer treatment using immune cells and antibiotics to kill tumor cells

malignant tumor

tumor having the characteristics of continuous growth, invasiveness, and metastasis

metastasis

spread of malignant tumor to a secondary site; literally, beyond control

morbidity

condition of being unwell or deficient in normal function

neoplasm

new growth; benign or malignant tumor

palliative

relieving but not curing symptoms

radiation

energy carried by a stream of particles

radiation therapy

treatment of tumors using doses of radiation

relapse

recurrence of tumor after treatment

remission

absence of signs and symptoms of disease

sarcoma

cancerous tumor dervied from connective or flesh tissue

virus

infectious agent that reproduces by entering a host cell and using the host’s genetic material to make copies of itself