lf209 lecture 4 - blood cells, plasma & serum

white blood cells are known as

leukocytes

RBCs are flexible since they have ______ and ______ complex which forms a ___-like pattern on the surface of its inner plasma membrane

actin

spectrin

mesh

erythropoietin

a hormone which stimulates RBC production

what cell is this?

lymphocyte

what cell is this?

neutrophil

what cell is this?

monocyte

what cell is this?

eosinophil

what cell is this?

basophil

cells in suspension are always ______ but when in tissue have more of a charcteristic shape i.e. dendritic

rounder

H&E (_________ & _____) is the most common blood stain

E____ is a pink ______ dye that binds to proteins and stains ______ pink.

H_______ is a blue-purple ____ dye that binds to _____ acids

haematoxylin & eosin

eosin, acidic, cytoplasm

haematoxylin, basic, nucleic

histochemistry

exploitation of specific enzymes within cells converting the colourless substrate into a coloured product

histochemistry test for leukaemia

using non-specifc esterases to cleave a-napthyl acetate to a-napthol.

a-napthol reacts with pararoasaniline (Schiff’s base) = red-brown colour.

is counterstained with haematoxylin

red-brown = positive for leukaemia

immunocytochemistry and immunohistochemistry

both are staining techniques by binding specific antibodies to intra/extracellular antigens

cyto → antibodies linked to fluorescent chromophores

histo → antibodies linked to enzymes that convert a substrate (can get a colour change)

flow cytometry

take cells into single cell suspension after being stained through tube, has detector to detect the fluorescence.

B cells have what regions that are detected by ICC and IHC

CD38+ and CD138+

platelets are also known as

thrombocytes

megakaryocytes should never be found in ________ blood. this causes blood to rush past it forming _______

peripheral

platelets

plasma vs serum

plasma = liquid remaining after blood cells. contains proteins which are synthesised by the liver apart from gamma-globulins.

serum = liquid after blood has clotted

plasma proteins examples

1. polypeptide hormones

2. regulators of blood pressure

3. some enzymes

1. insulin

2. angiotensin

3. blood amylase

albumin, a plasma ________, is a _______ for substances with ___ solubility, ie.binds to Ca2+

protein

carrier

low

complement, a plasma ________, when activated performs o________, ch______, lysis and cl______.

proteins

opsonisation

chemotaxis

clumping

PLASMA PROTEINS

gamma-globulins are

a-anti-trypsin inhibts _____

haptoglobulin binds free _________

serum antibodies

trypsin (digests other proteins)

haemoglobulin

clotting cascade has 2 _______

1. ex______ - is stimulated by

2. in______ - is stimulated by

why have fibrinogen (insoluble) circulating in the blood instead of making fibrin when needed?

so we don’t have to wait for fibrin to be synthesised.

2 lineages of blood cells (draw it)

myeloid and lymphoid

haemostasis

mechanism that stops bleeding from a blood vessel - maintaining blood flow within the blood vessel.

HAEMOSTASIS STEPS:

1. injury exposes _______ in damaged vessel wall

2. __ ________ ______ (vWF) binds to collagen and ______ by GP Ib receptors on platelet

3. binding of integrins to vWF _______ platelets

4. activated platelets release ____ and ___________ (TXA2)

5. released ADP further activates platelets by binding to platelets ADP ______ (P2Y12)

6. TXA2 is a __________ which helps reduce blood flow and therefore limit blood ____

7. activated platelets ____ more to everything

8. ________ are up-regulated on the platelet surface, these are pro-______ (stimulate clotting)

1. collagen

2. von Willebrand Factor, integrins

3. activates

4. ADP, thromboxane A2

5. receptors

6. vasoconstrictor, loss

7. bind

8. phospholipids, pro-thrombotic

MECHANISM TO PREVENT EXCESSIVE CLOTTING

1. thrombomodulin on the __________ binds to thrombin and activates protein C which ______ factors Va and ______

2. antithrombin in plasma inactivates _______

3. protease A_________ degrade ___

1. endothelium, inactivates, VIIa

2. thrombin

3. ADAMTS13, vWF

CLOT REMOVAL (fibrinolysis)

1. digestion of fibrin by the protease ______

2. it’s present in the ______ as inactive precursor _________

3. the precursor is activated by ______ _________ _______ (tPA)

1. plasmin

2. plasma, plasminogen

3. tissue plasminogen activator