OAE 031: Middle Grades Social Studies MASTER SET

nation-state

A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality

Theocracy

a system of government in which priests rule in the name of God or a god.

Dynastic Cycle

the historical pattern of the rise, decline, and replacement of dynasties (think China)

chronology

A history arranged by time

Periodization

Historical Thinking Skill: Explain ways historical events and processes can be organized into discrete, different, and definable historical periods. Evaluate whether a particular event or date could or could not be a turning point between different, definable historical periods, used in particular historical evidence.

Historical Research Method

Systematic approach for understanding the past through collection, organization, and critical appraisal of facts

Alamanac

quick facts on many topics,

summary of one year's notable events, as well as clanedars, astronomical info., anniversaries, and geographical statistics

information technology

Any computer-based tool that people use to work with information & support the information-processing needs of an organization.

Bibliographies

a list of the books referred to in a scholarly work, usually printed as an appendix.

Periodical Guides

Periodical guides organize information published in a particular medium or form such as magazines and newspapers. They enable researchers who are looking for information about a specific topic to locate relevant articles or stories without having to wade through numerous editions of a given publication.

encyclopedia

a book or set of books giving information on many subjects or on many aspects of one subject and typically arranged alphabetically.

biographical dictionary

A book that gives facts and information about note worthy people or famous people

primary source

A document or physical object which was written or created during the time under study.

secondary source

Information gathered by someone who did not take part in or witness an event

Neolithic Revolution

(10,000 - 8,000 BCE) The development of agriculture and the domestication of animals as a food source. This led to the development of permanent settlements and the start of civilization.

500 BCE

Beginnings of Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism

Ancient Greece

A civilization that lasted from the 8th/6th century BCE to 600 AD. Immediately following this period was the beginning of the Early Middle Ages and the Byzantine Era. Because of conquests by Alexander the Great of Macedonia, Hellenistic civilization flourished from Central Asia to the western end of the Mediterranean Sea. Classical Greek culture, especially philosophy, had a powerful influence on the Roman Empire, which carried a version of it to many parts of the Mediterranean Basin and Europe, for which Classical Greek is generally considered to be the seminal culture which provided the foundation of modern Western culture.

Ancient Rome

A civilization that began on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 8th century BCE. During its 12 centuries of existence Roman civilization shifted from a monarchy to a classical republic and then to an increasingly autocratic empire. Through conquest and assimilation it came to dominate Southern and Western Europe, Asia Minor, North Africa, and parts of Northern and Eastern Europe. Ancient Roman society has contributed to modern government, law, politics, engineering, art, literature, and society. It achieved impressive technological and architectural feats, such as the construction of an extensive system of aqueducts and roads, as well as large monuments, palaces, and public facilities.

Islamic Civilization

Golden Age:

-Preserved Greco-Roman culture

-Algebra, medicine, architecture

a warlike monotheistic civilization that spread rapidly throughout the Middle East and were constantly at war. They are known for their brilliant arabesques and gorgeous craftsmanship

Byzantine Empire

(330-1453) The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine.

European Renaissance

A "rebirth" of classical learning that is most often associated with the cultural blossoming of Italy in the period 1350-1500 and that included not just a rediscovery of Greek learning but also major developments in art, as well as growing secularism in society.

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Scientific Revolution

A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.

European Enlightenment

European intellectual movement of the eighteenth century that applied the lessons of the Scientific Revolution to human affairs and was noted for its commitment to open-mindedness and inquiry and the belief that knowledge could transform human society.

English Revolution

A civil war that broke out between those who supported Parliament and thse that supported the King. Parliament won and set up a commonwealth.

a 17th century event, beheaded a king and led to a constitutional monarch and a bill of rights

French Revolution

The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.

American Revolution

This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy.

Industrialization

The development of industries for the machine production of goods.

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

World War I

(1914 - 1918) European war in which an alliance including Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, and the United States defeated the alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria.

WWI Causes

Nationalism, Imperialism, Alliance Systems, and Militarism all were causes of WWI along with the immediate cause--the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

WWI Effects

-Europe's social order destroyed -Killed a generation of men -Allowed US to become world Power -Ruined economy of those involved - -especially Germany

1. Treaty of Versailles: unished Germany and forced it to repay reparations.

2. League of Nations was formed peacekeeping organization after World War I, but was largely ineffective due to its inability to enforce its policies and the failure of the United States to join.

WWII

A war fought from 1939 to 1945 between the Axis powers — Germany, Italy, and Japan — and the Allies, including France and Britain, and later the Soviet Union and the United States.

WWII Causes

Great Depression, government instability, rise of dictators (fascist leaders), treaty of Versailles, failure of the league of nations, appeasement (giving into demands of an aggressor), invasion of Poland

WWII effects

cities across Europe and Asia are demolished and people are scattered throughout the Western part of the world. people are homeless or are in a new country and millions are dead

Treaty of Paris: established the United Nations international peacekeeping organization to replace the League of Nations.

Russia and USA are top dogs

Decolonization of Africa

Many of the African nation have only had independence for a short amount of time (after WW2)

withdrawal of European nations from Africa that occurred between 1955 and 1965; 35 new countries were established

Decolonization in India

GB negotiation w/Indian National Congress, realization colony would need to be split into Muslim/Hindu countires to avoid conflict. Mahatma Ghandi objected because of possible war.

Cold War

A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.

Cold War Causes

Between the United States and the Soviet Union,

(political and economical) period after the Second World War marked by rivalry and tension between the two nuclear superpowers, the United States and the communist government of the Soviet Union. The Cold War ended when the Soviet government collapsed in 1991.

Cold War effects

- Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan aid Europe

- NATO and Warsaw Pact are founded

- Arms race begins

- East-West tensions escalate over Germany

- Anti-Communism grips U.S.

- Superpowers compete for world power

- Space race begins

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

American got small pox

Europeans got syphillis

French and Indian War

(1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won.

Ohio River Valley

controversial land that led to the French and Indian War; British win war and claim this land; region where British fur traders went; rich soil for farming

Articles of Confederation

1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade) too weak, it was just a loose alliance of states

Jacksonian Era

One of the most colorful periods in the history of American politics, this era was a time during which sectional differences (states' rights, protective tariffs, and national bank) disrupted America's spirit of unity.

American Industrialization

Industrial growth in the U.S. mushroomed after the Civil War as railroads, factories, and cities all grew across the west 1865-1920. Unskilled labors worked in terrible conditions for very little pay while owners earned millions. Most development occurred in the Northeast and Midwest regions; the South still recovering from Reconstruction.

War of 1812

A war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France.

Civil War (1861-1865)

deadliest war in American history; conflict between north (union) and south (confederacy); 11 southern slave states wanted to secede from Union

Civil War Causes

the prohibition of slavery between the north and the south along with the Fugitive Slave Act, Election of 1860, etc.

Civil War Effects

Reconstruction

-Lincoln is assassinated, Andrew Johnson becomes President

-Conflict between President Johnson and Radical Republicans

-Southern rejection of Reconstruction (Redeemers, KKK/White League, Scalawags, Carpetbaggers, Solid South/Home Rule)

Reconstruction

the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union

American urbanization

- about 2 million people were moving to cities from farms each year

- small town attitudes that hadn't changed since the 19th century began to lose their hold on the American mind as the city rose to prominence

- top 3 cities: New York, Chicago, Philadelphia

- adapting to urban environment demanded thinking and living changes

- cities were a world of competition and change which was sometimes frightening to new people

- fast-paced life that demanded endurance was new to farmers

Progressive Era

1890 - 1920, Progressives tended to be women, middle class, and live in urban areas. Progressives sought to use government influence to solve societal problems.

time at the turn of the 20th century in which groups sought to reform America economically, socially, and politically

U.S. Expansionism

The U.S. wanting to build an empire and prove themselves especially during the Spanish American war; took control of Puerto Rico, Cuba, Guam, and the Philippines

Taking control of another nation's territory through political, economic, or military means; similar to imperialism as practiced in the 1890s.

Great Depression

the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s

Great Depression causes

1)United State's stock market crash of 1929.

2)Big drop in the world's economy.

3)Overproduction of goods from World War I. 4)Decrease in the need for raw materials from non industrialized nations>>>LEAD TO millions of people losing their jobs as banks and businesses closed around the world. People were homeless, Relied on government to eat.

New Deal

the historic period (1933-1940) in the U.S. during which President Franklin Roosevelt's economic policies were implemented

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

Social Dislocation

When people do not feel part of their community. This may be due to changes happening in the community like industrialization. Happened during Great Depression

postwar economic boom

Ended the Great Depression

impact of WWII

- a LOT of deaths

- some survivors stayed where they were...had no water, no electricity, very little food, no workplace

- some survivors wandered across Europe to try and find families/places to live

- agriculture had been completely ruined (lack of farmers, destroyed transportation system, devastated countryside)

Globalization

Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.

Cold War

A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.

geographic themes

Location, Place, Human-Environment Interaction, Movement, Region

geographic location

the actual location of the place/address

Geographic Place

Theme of geography that gives locations and regions dimension or vision.

Human Environment Interaction

The geographic theme that explores how people use, adapt to, and modify the environment

geographic movement

the movement of people, products, and ideas from one part of the world to another

geographic region

a location based on locational and environmental circumstances as well as cultural properties.

Six Essential Elements of Geography

1. The World in Spatial Terms

2. Places and Regions

3. Physical Systems

4. Human Systems

5. Environment and Society

6. The Uses of Geography

habitat

the natural home or environment of an animal, plant, or other organism.

Ecology

Scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment

Interdependence

A relationship between countries in which they rely on one another for resources, goods, or services

Assimilation

the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another

demographic cycle

Cyclical changes in population growth as a country or region grows.

cultural diffusion

The spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one people to another

map projection

a mathematical formula used to represent the curved surface of the Earth on the flat surface of a map

advantages and disadvantages of standard map projection

Advantage: The Equal-Area map projection show the correct sizes of landmasses and continents. Disadvantage: The Equal area map causes the shapes of landmasses to be altered and forced into curves

climate

Overall weather in an area over a long period of time

Gerrymandering

Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.

enumerated powers

Powers given to the national government alone

implied powers

Powers not specifically mentioned in the constitution

Sovereignty

Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states.

Judicial Review

Allows the court to determine the constitutionality of laws

Balance of Power

Condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances of countries.

Social Contract Theory

The belief that people are free and equal by natural right, and that this in turn requires that all people give their consent to be governed; espoused by John Locke and influential in the writing of the declaration of independence.

Declaration of Independence

the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain. Influenced by Magna Carta

Federalist Papers

A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail.

Northwest Ordinance

Enacted in 1787, it is considered one of the most significant achievements of the Articles of Confederation. It established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the Union on an equal footing with the original 13 states

Seneca Falls Convention

(1848) the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written

Gettysburg Address

(1863) a speech given by Abraham Lincoln after the Battle of Gettysburg, in which he praised the bravery of Union soldiers and renewed his commitment to winning the Civil War; supported the ideals of self-government and human rights

First Amendment

5 freedoms: speech, press, religion, assembly, petition

Second Amendment

Right to bear arms

Third Amendment

No quartering of soldiers

Fourth Amendment

Protects against unreasonable search and seizure

Fifth Amendment

prohibits government from forcing individuals to testify against themselves.

"I plead the fifth"

Sixth Amendment

Right to a speedy and public trial

Seventh Amendment

Right to trial by jury

8th Amendment

No cruel or unusual punishment

9th Amendment

Citizens entitled to rights not listed in the Constitution

10th Amendment

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.