2nd Semester Biology Final

Cell Growth Limits

DNA overload - When a cell is burdened with excessive tasks, Material Exchange Problem - Surface area limits volume

Sexual Reproduction

Involves two parents, increases genetic variation, produces unique hybrids

Asexual Reproduction

Involves one parent, results in low genetic variation, produces clones

Cell Cycle Events

G1 (Growth), S (DNA replication), G2 (Preparation for Mitosis), M (Mitosis)

Purpose of Mitosis

To create and move chromosomes

Mitosis Phases

Prophase (DNA condensation), Metaphase (Chromosomes align), Anaphase (Chromosomes split), Telophase (DNA spreads out), Cytokinesis (Cell division)

Cell Growth Regulation

Controlled by internal factors like Cyclin and external factors like Growth Hormones; Unregulated growth leads to cancer

Stem Cells

Undifferentiated cells found in early life stages, including zygotes, totipotent, pluripotent, and multipotent cells

Patterns of Inheritance

Include Dominance, Recessiveness, Incomplete Dominance, Codominance, Multiple Alleles, and Polygenetic traits

Meiosis Purpose

To produce haploid cells for sexual reproduction

Meiosis Genetic Uniqueness

Achieved through Crossing Over in Meiosis I and Independent Assortment

DNA Roles

Copy, Store, and Transmit genetic information

DNA Structure

Double Helix composed of sugar-phosphate backbone, deoxyribose sugar, and nitrogenous bases forming nucleotides

DNA Replication

Process involving DNA Helicase to split DNA, DNA polymerase to copy both sides, and fill in missing bases

DNA vs

Contrasts in sugar type, strand number, location, and nitrogenous bases

Types of RNA

Messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA

Transcription

Process of copying DNA into messenger RNA using RNA polymerase and a promoter

Translation

Process of protein synthesis outside the nucleus using tRNA, codons, and anticodons

Mutations

Include Point, Insertion, Substitution, Duplication, Translocation, and Polyploidy mutations